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THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


AMERICAN 


MANUAL   OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 


BEING  A  COMPLETE  EXPOSITION 


OF 


PHONETIC     SHORTHAND; 


ESPECIALLY   ADAPTED  TO   THE  SCHOOL-ROOM,  AND  TO  AFFORD 

THE  FULLEST  INSTRUCTION  TO  THOSE  WHO  HAVE  NOT 

THE   ASSISTANCE   OF  THE   ORAL  TEACHER. 


BY  ELIAS  LONGLEY. 

. : 

LONGLEY  &  BROTHER,  PHONETIC  PUBLISHERS, 

WALNUT    STREET,  BETWEEN   FOURTH  &  FIFTH, 

CINCINNATI. 

fr:  ?•,  ":     %v  v*     '4854.,    ::••.«,:•,•  •  • 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1853, 

BY    LONGLEY    <fc    BROTHER, 
in  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  Ohio. 


A,  C.  JAMES,  Stereotyper,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 


PREFACE, 

In  preparing  this  Manual  of  Phonetic  Shorthand,  the 
author  has  had  but  one  leading  object  in  view,  namely: 
to  afford  a  speedy  means  of  acquiring  a  correct  and  prac- 
tical knowledge  of  the  much  coveted  art.  The  books  that 
have  heretofore  been  used  have  all  answered  a  good  pur- 
pose ;  but  they  have  all,  with  one  exception  probably, 
been  rendered  comparatively  obsolete  by  the  introduction 
into  the  system  of  two  or  three  important  improvements. 
These  are  incorporated  into  the  present  work  ;  and  in  all 
probability  they  will  be  the  last  changes  that  will  be  made 
for  a  considerable  length  of  time,  if  not  entirely  the  last. 

In  one  important  particular  this  treatise  differs  from  all 
others  that  have  been  published  ;  namely,  the  exercises  to 
be  written  by  the  pupil  are  printed  in  phonetic  spelling. 
By  this  arrangement  two  important  advantages  are  gained: 
First ;  the  learner  will  be  made  acquainted  with  the  sim- 
.plicity  and  utility  of  phonetic  spelling  as  applied  to  print- 
ing, and  will  undoubtedly  be  so  pleased  with  it  as  to  be- 
come  its  ardent  advocate  ;  and  a  familiarity  with  it  will 
also  be  of  service  to  him  hereafter,  in  enabling  him  to 
read  with  ease  such  phonetic  books  and  papers  as  he  may 
meet  with  elsewhere.  Second  ;  in  writing  his  exercises 
the  pupil  will  more  readily  transcribe  the  words  into  pho- 
nography. Learners  are  very  apt  to  be  troubled  by  try- 
ing to  get  as  many  letters  into  their  phonographic  word  as 
the  old  spelling  contains,  and  thus  make  blunders  ;  but 
by  writing  from  the  words  printed  phonetically  this  diffi- 
culty will  be  avoided.  And  they  can  always  tell  whether 
their  writing  is  correct,  by  referring  to  the  tables  where  the 

456304 


PREFACE. 

shorthand  characters  are  placed  in  juxtaposition  with  the 
printing  characters. 

Another  leading  feature  is  such  an  arrangement 
of  the  lessons  that  no  word,  or  class  of  words,  is  re- 
quired to  be  written  until  the  principle  has  been  ex- 
plained by  which  they  arc  written  in  their  most  approved 
forms.  By  this  means,  the  student  is  not  compelled  to 
spend  his  time  in  learning  how  to  write  certain  words, 
and  then  suffer  the  discouragement  of  having  to  drop  and 
forget  the  forms  thus  learned,  and  familiarize  himself  with 
new  and  better  ones.  What  is  once  learned  in  this  book, 
remains  a  fixed  fact  with  the  pupil  in  all  his  after  use  of 
the  system.  There  are  hundreds  of  persons  now,  who, 
having  studied  Phonography  through  what  was  called  the 
learner's  style,  have  not  yet  been  able  to  drop  it  and  adopt 
the  advanced  and  more  practical  style  of  writing;  but  they 
will  have  to  do  it  before  they  can  be  recognized  as  good 
phonographic  writers  ;  and  the  unlearning  of  their  present 
lengthy  and  awkward  forms  for  words,  added  to  the  new 
forms  they  must  learn,  is  fully  equal  to  learning  the  sys- 
tem from  the  beginning. 

In  consequence  of  this  progressive  arrangement,  the  ex- 
ercises to  be  written  necessarily  possess  an  imperfect  style 
of  composition.  The  past  tenses  of  verbs,  the  compara- 
tives and  superlatives  of  adjectives,  and,  indeed,  a  large 
portion  of  the  words  in  our  language  are  written  by  con- 
tracted forms,  which  are  introduced  gradually  through 
the  book.  And  the  words  in  each  exercise  being  confined 
as  much  as  possible  to  the  illustration  of  the  principle 
just  introduced,  renders  necessary  a  resort  to  many  cir- 
cuitous expressions  for  the  development  of  an  idea  ;  this 
harshness  and  quaintness,  however,  diminishes  as  succes- 
sive lessons  are  mastered. 


PREFACE.  V 

The  review  at  the  close  of  each  chapter  is  a  new  feature, 
and  will  be  of  great  assistance  to  the  teacher,  especially 
to  the  unexperienced,  in  questioning  his  class  as  to  what 
they  have  gone  over  ;  it  will  also  be  useful  to  the  private 
learner,  filling  the  place,  almost,  of  an  oral  teacher.  The 
questions  may  be  asked  the  class  either  collect- 
ively or  individually  ;  the  latter  is  generally  the  better 
way.  It  would  be  well,  as  often  as  convenient,  to  have 
the  pupils  illustrate  their  answers  on  the  black-board. 

Immediately  following  the  explanation  of  each  new 
principle  is  an  exercise  for  writing,  which  should  be 
written  before  progressing  further,  while  the  manner  in 
which  the  words  are  to  be  written  are  fresh  in  the  mind. 
Then,  at  the  close  of  each  lesson,  is  an  exercise  for  read- 
ing, embracing  as  much  as  possible,  words  illustrative  of 
the  preceding  text.  After  this  is  a  general  writing  exer- 
cise, embodying,  beside  the  principles  just  presented,  all 
that  has  previously  been  learned.  This  should  be  writ- 
ten by  each  pupil,  during  the  interval  between  the  meet- 
ings of  the  class  ;  and  at  the  next  recitation,  the  pupils 
should  exchange  their  manuscripts  with  each  other,  and 
then  read,  each  a  sentence  in  turn,  from  these  written 
exercises.  They  might  then  be  passed  to  the  teacher  for 
his  correction. 

As  a  substitute  for  t'lis,  the  private  learner  is  referred 
to  the  constitution  of  the  American  Phonetic  Society,  at 
the  close  of  this  book  ;  which  will  inform  him  of  a  way 
in  which  he  can  secure  the  assistance  of  experienced  pho- 
nographers,  either  for  the  correction  of  his  exercises,  or 
for  mutual  improvement,  through  the  medium  of  phono- 
graphic correspondence. 

The  aathor  would  acknowledge  his  indebtedness  to  the 
Phonographic  Class-Book  of  ANDREWS  &  BOYLE,  the  first 


VI  PREFACE 

text  book  of  the  system  published  in  America,  for  many 
of  his  most  appropriate  illustrations ;  and  to  the  Phono- 
graphic Instructor,  by  JAMES  C.  BOOTHE,  the  more  recent 
•work  generally  used,  for  numerous  sentences,  and,  in  a 
few  cases,  whole  paragraphs  of  exercises  for  reading  and 
writing. 

Phonography  is  the  invention  of  Mr.  ISAAC  PITMAN,  of 
Bath,  England.  It  is  about  fifteen  years  since  he  issued 
his  first  publication  of  the  system ;  but  only  during  the 
last  ten  years  has  it  been  taught,  and  but  six  since  it  was 
introduced  into  the  United  States.  In  the  year  1843  a 
Phonetic  Society  was  established  in  Great  Britain,  consist- 
ing of  persons  who  had  learned  to  write  Phonography  ; 
its  object  was  to  promote  the  adoption  of  phonetic  writing; 
it  has  gradually  increased  till  it  now  numbers  about  four 
thousand  members.  A  similar  Society  was  established  in 
the  United  States  in  1849,  which  now  numbers  about  one 
thousand  members.  But  these  Societies  do  not  embrace  a 
hundredth  part  of  the  persons  who  have  learned  to  write 
the  system.  In  1850  a  Phonetic  Council  of  one  hundred 
persons  (fifty  in  Great  Britain  and  fifty  in  America,)  was 
elected  by  a  popular  vote  of  the  phonographers  of  each 
country,  for  the  purpose  of  uniting  the  efforts  and  skill  of 
all  in  effecting  some  further  improvements  in  the  art,  and 
in  devising  ways  and  means  for  promoting  its  general 
adoption.  This  Council,  together  with  the  assistance  of 
both  Phonetic  Societies,  have  had  the  system  under 
thorough  revision  for  two  years ;  and  after  so  long  and 
thorough  experiments  it  is  reasonable  to  believe  that  the 
system  is  as  near  perfection  as  it  is  possible  for  an  art  to 
approximate.  (  * 


CONTENTS. 


INTRODUCTION,   p.  9 ;  PHONOTYPY,    15  ;    PHONOGRAPHY,      19 

SIMPLE  CONSONANTS, 25 

VOWEL  SCHF.MK, 27 

MARKS  OF  PUNCTUATION, 28 

DIPHTHONGS,  DOT  H, 32 

COMBINED  CONSONAKTS, 34 

UP-STROKES,  R,  X,  L, 38-41 

VOWEL   WORD-SIGNS, 43 

CIRCLE  S  AND  Z, 45 

PREFIXES  COM,  CON,  AND  AFFIX  ING, 49 

CONSONANT  WORD-SIGNS, 50 

W-DlPHTHONG 54 

W-HooK,  AND  TRIPTHONGS 56 

W  WORD-SIGNS, 58 

Y-DlPHTHONGS 60 

L-HOOK, 64 

SPECIAL  SCHEME  OF  VOCALIZATION, 65 

L-HooK  PRECEDED  BY  THE  S-CIRCLE, 66 

L-HOOK  WORD-SIGNS, 67 

E-HOOK, 69 

E-HooK  PRECEDED  BY  THE  S-CIRCLE, 71 

DOUBLE  CURVE  FOR  <!R, 72 

E-HOOK  WORD-SIGNS, 72 

N-HOOK, 75 

N-HOOK  FOLLOWED  BY  S-ClRCLE, 77 

SN-HOOK, 80 

VOWEL  CONTRACTIONS, 81 

DISSYLLABIC  DIPHTHONGS, 82 

HALF-LENGTH  STROKES, 84 

HALF-LENGTH  WORD-SIGNS, 87 

LGRENS  Lazi;  OR,  LURNING  FONOGRAFI, 89 

LOOPS  ST  AND   STR, 91 

ANOMALOUS  N  AND  XN, 94 

PREFIXES, 97 

AFFIXES, 98 

NOMINAL  CONSONANT, 100 


Ylii  CONTENTS. 

STROKE  H, 100 

VOCALIZING  THE    LARGE  ClBCLE, 100 

OMISSION  OF  P,  K,  T, 100 

«  "OF   THE," 101 

SIMILAR  WORDS  WRITTEN  WITH  DIFFERENT  OUTLINES,  . . .  102 

ALL  THE  WORD-SIGNS  ALPHABETICALLY  ARRANGED, 106 

PHRASEOGRAPHY, 109 

DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE,  (in  Phonography.) 117 


INTRODUCTION. 

Within  the  last  hundred  years  important  changes  have 
taken  place  in  almost  every  department  of  industry.  The 
mechanic  no  longer  seeks  the  swiftly  running  stream  to 
propel  his  machinery,  but  erects  his  mill  or  factory  on 
ground  the  most  convenient  for  labor  or  for  market,  and 
brings  the  elements  into  subjection  for  the  performance 
of  his  drudgery;  the  stage-coach  horse-power,  for  loco- 
motion, is  almost  forgotten  in  consideration  of  the  iron- 
boned  steed  hitched  to  the  enormous  wheeled  palace  ;  the 
sea- voyage  of  weary  months  is  now  performed  pleasantly 
in  as  many  weeks,  by  the  application  of  steam  to  naviga- 
tion ;  and  the  man  of  business  no  longer  waits  the  rapid 
transmission  of  thought  by  such  conveyance,  but  com- 
municates through  the  length  and  breadth  of  our  wide- 
spreading  country  with  lightning  speed. 

Thus  the  genius  of  invention  and  improvement  has 
been  abroad  in  the  land,  and  although  for  a  long  time 
she  confined  her  skill  to  building  steamboats  and  making 
railroads,  constructing  machinery  and  teaching  the  light- 
ning how  to  talk,  she  has  not  altogether  forgotten  the 
world  of  intellect;  and  PHONOGRAPHY,  her  last,  most 
promising  and  glorious  boon,  presents  to  the  world  an  al- 
phabet of  letters  so  simple  and  facile  that  he  who  uses  it 
may  readily  keep  pace  with  the  fastest  speaker, — affording 
a  system  of  writing  as  much  superior  to  that  of  the  old 
script  alphabet,  as  railroads  are  to  the  ancient  truck- 
wheeled  wagon,  or  the  electric  telegraph  to  the  post  boy's 
plodding  gait. 


10  INTRODUCTION. 

We  do  not  wish  to  underrate  the  value  of  the  present 
system  of  writing  ;  it  has  been  of  great  service  in  its  time, 
having  done  much  in  the  way  of  civilizing  and  enlight- 
ening the  races  of  men.  But  the  present  state  of  things  in 
the  scientific  world  demands  a  change  in  the  character  of 
our  written  language.  Science  is  a  stern  ruler  ;  her  laws 
encircle  every  art;  and  although  for  a  long  time  they  may 
remain  undiscovered  or  not  applied,  yet  as  the  world  pro- 
gresses in  knowledge  and  learns  wisdom  from  experience, 
it  will  cause  them  to  be  developed,  and  future  generations 
will  derive  the  advantages  of  conforming  to  them. — 
These  facts  have  been  Illustrated  in  the  various  improve- 
ments to  which  we  have  alluded  ;  and  they  are  still  to  be 
expected  in  such  departments  as  have  not  yet  undergone 
the  remodeling  process  of  modern  ingenuity.  They  take 
their  turn  in  the  great  circle  of  progression  ;  and  it  is  our 
privilege  now  to  demonstrate  the  laws  that  apply  to  the 
art  of  writing,  as  required  at  this  stage  of  the  world's  his- 
tory. 

The  spirit  of  our  age  demands  two  new  features  in  the 
ftrt  of  writing:  First,  Speed  in  its  execution;  second,  Sys- 
tcm  in  its  orthography.  In  treating  of  the  first  desideratum 
we  shall  briefly  refer  to  the  old  romanic  alphabet,  and 
the  habits  of  writing  it  requires.  Like  the  ancient  imple- 
ments of  industry  and  modes  of  labor,  the  alphabet  of 
our  fathers  was  constructed  at  a  time  when  the  ingenuity 
of  man  had  not  been  brought  into  full  play.  The  letters 
are  complex,  and  the  use  of  them  cumbersome  in  the  ex- 
treme. To  illustrate:  take  the  letter  $  for  example  ;  to 
make  this  letter,  the  fingers  have  to  perform  four  inflec- 
tions or  movements,  while  it  represents  but  a  simple  sound; 
in  making  the  letter  m  seven  inflections  are  required, 
while  it,  too,  represents  but  one  sound;  and  every  letter 


INTRODUCTION.  1 1 

of  the  old  alphabet  is  thus  complex,  to  a  greater  or  less 
degree,  although  they  are  designed  each  to  represent  but 
a  single  sound. 

Now,  while  there  is  this  complexity  in  the  art  of  wri- 
ting, in  spoken  language  the  organs  of  speech  perform  but 
one  movement  in  the  enunciation  of  each  letter;  and  hence 
the  labor  of  the  penman  is  four  or  five  times  as  great  as 
that  of  the  speaker;  while  the  latter  is  moving  off  freely, 
as  on  the  wings  of  the  wind,  the  former  is  trudging  along 
at  the  snail's  pace,  weary  and  provoked  at  the  contrast. 

The  object  to  be  accomplished,  therefore,  is  to  present 
an  alphabet  each  letter  of  which  can  be  written  by  one 
inflection  of  the  pen,  so  that  the  writer  need  no  longer 
be  four  times  distanced  by  the  moderate  speaker  ;  and  if 
the  reader  will  follow  us  through  this  book,  he  will  see 
that  the  system  we  are  about  to  develop  more  than 
meets  this  requisition. 

But  a  greater  difficulty,  if  possible,  than  the  mere  sub- 
stitution of  a  new  alphabet,  is  to  be  overcome.  The  or- 
thography employed  in  using  the  old  alphabet  is  nearly 
as  cumbrous  as  the  formation  of  its  letters ;  while  its 
want  of  system  makes  it  a  study  of  many  years  to  mem- 
orize the  spelling  of 'the  fifty  or  eighty  thousand  words 
in  our  language. 

Thus,  take  the  sound  of  a;  if  we  had  nothing  to  do, 
in  order  to  represent  it  in  our  common  writing,  but  to 
write  the  one  letter  called  a,  the  evil  would  be  trifling 
compared  with  what'it  is.  But  we  more  frequently  have 
to  write  two  01  three,  and  even  four,  letters  to  represent 
this  one  sound.  It  has,  in  fact,  thirty-four  different  modes 
of  representation,  consisting  of  various  combinations  of 
nine  different  letters,  a  few  only  of  which  we  have  room 
to  exhibit.  Thj**1  •*"*  ""  ''u  ^laron,  ai,  as  in  pam,  aigt  a* 


1£  INTRODUCTION. 

in  campaign ;  aigh,  as  in  straight ;  elghe,  as  in  -weighed, 
<kc.  Now  common  sense,  as  well  as  the  laws  of  science, 
suggests  that  the  sound  of  a  in  each  and  all  these  should 
be  written  with  the  same  letter.  When  this  shall  be  done, 
more  than  two  thirds  of  the  labor  of  representing  this 
sound  will  be  saved ;  but  by  substituting  a  new  letter 
that  can  be  made  with  one  movement  of  the  pen  instead 
of  the  four  that  a  requires,  and  of  the  four  times  four  that 
several  of  the  above  combinations  require,  nine  tenths  of 
this  labor  will  be  avoided.  In  writing  the  sound  a  in  these 
five  words,  instead  of  making  fifty  inflections  of  the  pen, 
we  will  have  to  make  but  ficc! 

The  sound  of  e  is  represented  in  forty  different  ways. 
Examples:  ea,  as  in  each  ;  ea-ue,  as  in  league ;  eye,  as  in 
keyed ;  eig,  as  in  seignor ;  cigh,  as  in  Leigh.  We  need 
not  repeat  that  the  sound  of  e  in  each  of  these  words 
should  be  represented  by  the  same  letter  ;  or  that  by  sub- 
stituting for  the  complex  letter  e  a  simple  character  that 
can  be  made  with  one  motion  of  the  pen,  seven-eights  or 
nine-tenths  of  the  labor  in  writing  would  be  saved. — 
These  are  facts  that  are  evident,  after  the  illustrations  are 
presented.  And  we  might  thus  illustrate  the  unscientific 
mode  of  representing  every  word  in  our  language,  with 
equally  formidable  results.  But  we  will  only  state  the 
melancholy  fact,  that  the  various  sounds  employed  in 
speaking  the  English  language  are  each  represented  in 
from  four  to  forty  ways,  and  that  in  the  large  majority  of 
cases  two  or  more  letters  are  required  to  do  the  service. 
And  also,  that  there  is  no  letter  in  the  alphabet  that  uni- 
formly represents  the  same  sound.  They  are  as  change- 
able as  the  wind  or  the  weather,  and  to  the  young  learner 
exceedingly  provoking.  The  consequence  of  this  want 
of  system  is,  in  the  language  of  a  distinguished  writer  on 


INTRODUCTION.  13 

the  subject  of  education,  that  "reading  is  the  most  diffi- 
cult of  human  attainments."  And,  as  a  further  conse- 
quence, one  third  of  the  population  of  England  are  una- 
ble to  read,  and  one  half  unable  to  write  ;  while  in  the 
United  States,  although  the  proportion  is  considerably  less, 
yet  the  number  of  illiterate  persons  is  very  great ;  and 
this  wide-spread  ignorance  must  continue  until  the 
rudiments  of  education  are  simplified.  Such  incon- 
sistencies and  mischievous  errors  as  we  have  referred  to, 
are  not  in  harmony  with  the  developments  of  order  and 
science  in  most  other  branches  of  industry  and  art,  and 
hence  they  must  be  superceeded  by  something  truer  and 
more  expeditious. 

THE   PHONETIC   PRINCIPLE. 

The  term  Phonetic  is  derived  from  the  Greek  word 
phone,  speech.  A  phonetic  alphabet,  therefore,  is  one 
which,  referring  solely  to  speech,  derives  all  its  laws  from 
a  consideration  of  the  elements  of  speech.  To  illustrate 
what  we  mean  by  the  phrase  "  elements  of  speech,"  we 
have  but  to  ask  the  reader  to  adjust  his  lips  to  a  round 
position  and  deliver  the  voice  as  he  would  commence  to 
speak  the  words  ode,  oak,  own.  Now  this  same  sound 
is  heard  in  thousands  of  words  in  our  language,  and  is 
what  we  call  an  element  of  speech.  A  similar  element 
is  heard  in  the  commencement  of  the  word  ooze,  and  at 
the  termination  of  the  word  who.  In  pronouncing  the 
words  see,  say,  saw,  so,  we  hear,  at  the  beginning  of  each 
of  them,  the  same  kind  of  a  sound,  namely  a  hiss,  which 
is  also  an  element  of  speech,  for  it  frequently  combines 
with  other  sounds  to  make  words.  By  analyzing  all  the 
words  in  the  English  language,  it  has  been  found  that  it 
is  constituted  of  but  forty  elementary  sounds  ;  or  to  be 
more  precise,  thirty-four  simple  sounds  and  six  compound 


14  INTRODUCTION. 

ones,  formed  by  the  close  union  of  certain  simple  sounds 
which  it  is  convenient  to  consider  as  distinct  sounds.  In 
speaking,  therefore,  our  words  consist  simply  in  the  ut- 
terance of  one  of  these,  or  a  combination  of  two  or  more 
of  them  ;  and  in  writing  these  words  common  sense  would 
suggest  that  each  element  should  be  represented  by  a  sin- 
gle letter,  that  should  never  stand  for  any  other  sound. 

It  is  supposed  the  original  Phoenician  alphabet,  from 
which  our  present  alphabet  is  remotely  derived,  was 
phonetic ;  that  is,  it  represented  the  elements  of  speech  in 
such  a  manner  that  when  tho  sounds  of  a  word  were  heard 
the  writer  knew  immediately  what  letters  to  use,  and 
when  he  saw  the  letters  he  knew  at  once  what  sounds  he 
was  to  utter.  But  when  this  alphabet  was  adopted  by  the 
Greeks  and  Romans,  who  used  sounds  unknown  to  the 
Phoenicians,  many  of  the  old  letters  were  necessarily  used 
to  represent  new  sounds  as  well  as  old  ones,  so  that  there 
was  no  longer  any  very  strict  accordance  between  the 
sounds  and  letters  of  words.  But  when  other  European 
nations,  including  the  English,  adopted  the  romanic  alpha- 
bet, and  used  it  in  very  different  ways,  insomuch  that  no 
one  could  guess  what  sound  could  be  attributed  to  any  one 
letter,  almost  all  trace  of  the  phonetic  nature  of  the  alpha- 
bet was  lost.  And  hence  the  deplorable  state  of  English 
spelling  and  writing,  as  depicted  in  previous  pages, 
which,  in  few  words,  is  so  bad  that  no  one  can  tell  the 
sound  of  an  unknown  word  from  its  spelling,  or  the  spell- 
ing of  a  new  word  from  its  sound. 

Phonetic  spelling,  therefore,  is  no  new  thing,  and  the 
efforts  of  writing  and  spelling  reformers  is  simply  an  at- 
tempt to  pl.°ce  the  representation  of  the  English  language 
on  the  same  rational  basis  that  the  most  classic  of  the 
ancient  languages  stood,  and  in  addition  thereto  to  afford 


INTRODUCTION.  15 

the  means  of  the  most  rapid  writing  that  it  is  possible  to 
attain.  No  further  argument,  therefore,  should  be  re- 
quired, in  presenting  a  system  so  accordant  with  truth 
and  utility. 

PHONOTYPY. 

The  word  Phonotypy,  from  the  Greek  phone,  speech, 
and  tupos,  type,  signifies  the  printing  of  language  by 
types  which  represent  the  sounds  heard  in  speaking;  while 
Phonography,  also  from  phone  and  another  Greek  word, 
graphien,  to  write,  signifies  to  write  by  sound,  or  with 
characters  that  represent  the  sounds  heard  in  speech. 
Although  the  latter  is  the  art  which  this  work  is  specially 
designed  to  explain,  yet  a  knowledge  of  the  former  will 
materially  aid  in  its  acquisition ;  and  as  a  sufficient  ac- 
quaintance with  it  may  be  obtained  in  a  few  minutes'  study, 
we  shall  here  present  a  brief  exposition  of  it. 

The  forty  elementary  and  dipthongal  sounds*  that  it  has 
been  found  necessary  to  represent  in  a  true  orthography 
of  the  English  language,  are  exhibited  by  the  italic  letters 
in  the  following  words: — 


eel 

ale 

arm 

all 

oak 

ooze, 

ill 

ell 

am 

on 

up 

wood; 

tee, 

oil, 

owl, 

mute; 

yea, 

way, 

hay; 

pole, 

Jowl, 

toe,     doe, 

cheer, 

yeer, 

came, 

game, 

/ear, 

veer, 

thigh, 

thy, 

seal, 

zeal, 

s/tall, 

vision, 

rare, 

lull; 

mum, 

nun 

,     sing. 

*  Worcester's  dictionary,  and  later  writers  on  orthoepy,  contend 
for  a  more  minute  analysis  of  sounds;  thus,  between  the  second  and 
Ihird  vowels  in  the  above  scheme,  they  would  represent  the  sound 
in  care  as  differing  from  either  that  in  ale  or  that  in  arm;  and  be- 
tween the  vowels  in  arm  and  am  they  would  mark  a  different  one  in 
fast,  last,  &c.;  also  the  vowel  in  cur,  as  distinct  from  that  in  cut. 
The  dipthongs  in  ice,  oil,  owl,  mute,  they  would  represent  by  their 
elements,  that  is,  in  the  case  of  i,  they  would  represent  it  by  the 
two  letters  that  would  represent  the  vowels  in  «rm  and  eel;  the 
dipthong  in  oil,  by  the  vowels  in  all  and  ill;  that  in  owl  by  the 


16  INTRODUCTION. 

Of  course  the  old  twenty-six  letter  alphabet  was  incom- 
petent to  give  a  character  for  each  of  these  forty  sounds. 
And  in  determining  upon  the  introduction  of  new  letters, 
two  important  considerations  presented  themselves  to  the 
mind,  both  grounded  on  the  fact  that  the  romanic  style 
of  spelling  already  existed  in  printed  books,  and  flourish- 
es wherever  our  language  is  spoken  or  read.  First,  that 
those  who  can  already  read  romanic  spelling  should  have 
very  little  difficulty  in  acquiring  phonetic  spelling;  and 
secondly,  that  those  who  are  taught  to  read  phonetically 
should  find  that  the  greater  part  of  the  difficulties  attend- 
ant on  the  acquirement  of  romanic  reading  were  then 
overcome.  In  order  to  accomplish  these  two  very  impor- 
tant objects,  it  was  necessary  to  use  as  many  of  the 
old  romanic  letters  as  possible  in  the  senses  which 
they  most  frequently  have  in  the  romanic  spelling  of 
English;  and  to  make  the  new  phonetic  letters  suggest  the 
letters  or  combinations  of  letters  which  are  most  fre- 
quently employed  to  express  their  sounds  romanically. 
The  grand  object  was  to  make  English  reading  easy — not 
merely  in  phonetic  but  also  in  romanic  spelling,  in  order 
that  the  large  number  of  books  already  printed  should  be 
still  useful,  or  rather  should  be  made  useful  to  those  to 
whom  they  are  at  present  useless — tho  book-blind,  those 
who  cannot  read.  This  has  been  effected.  Not  only  is 
phonetic  reading  so  easy  to  those  who  read  romanically, 
that  few  find  any  difficulty  in  the  matter  at  all,  but  those 

vowels  in  arm  and  OOZK\  and  that  in  mute,  by  the  vowels  in  ill  and 
ooze.  The  consonants  ch  and  .;'  they  would  dissolve  into  t-sh  and 
d-zh.  But  the  representation  of  such  delicate  shades  of  sounds  is 
hardly  practicable,  at  the  present  time,  at  least ;  it  may  be  that  un- 
der phonetic  teaching  the  public  ear  will  be  trained  so  that  a  more 
nice  representation  will  be  advisable;  though  as  regards  the  dip- 
thongs  and  double  consonants,  it  would  be  exceedingly  distasteful 
to  represent  them  by  the  letters  of  which  they  are  composed,  and 
•we  have  no  idea  it  will  ever  be  done. 


INTRODUCTION.  17 

who  have  only  learned  to  read  phonetically  are  more  than 
two-thirds  on  their  way  towards  romanic  reading. 

Out  of  the  twenty-six  romanic  letters,  three,  c,  q,  x, 
have  been  rejected.     The  fifteen  consonants, 
bdfhjlmnprtvwyz 

are  used  in  their  usual  romanic  sense ;  that  is,  in  the 
sense  which  the  English  romanic  reader  would  naturally 
expect  them  to  have  in  any  new  word,  as  they  are  pro- 
nounced at  the  beginning  of  the  romanic  words, 

bed,      deed,     fit,      head,     jest,       Zull,      man,      wun, 
peep,      rare,      toe,      vote,      woe,      yes,      zeal. 

The  five  vowels,  a,  e,  i,  o,  u,  and  the  remaining  three 
consonants,  Jc,  g,  s,  are  to  be  pronounced  as  at  the  begin- 
ning of 

am,     egg,     in,     on,     up,     &ite,     get,    sup. 

New  letters  have  been  in  vented  for  the  sounds  expressed 
by  the  italic  letters  in  the  under-written  words  in  the  fol- 
lowing examples : 

0e     G>  o      tUui      Uu     I<  j     CTe 

ice       oil 

sing 

On  the  following  page  the  whole  alphabet  is  presented 
in  a  systematic  arrangement ;  first,  the  vowels;  second^  the 
compound  vowels ;  third,  the  liquids ;  fourth,  the  conso- 
nants. In  this  particular,  unimportant  though  it  may 
seem,  the  new  alphabet  is  an  improvement  on  the  old — 
which  is  little  more  than  a  string  of  confusion — here  a 
vowel  and  there  a  vowel,  a  consonant  here  and  another 
there. 


8e 

SLa 

Hq, 

0e 

Oo 

HI 

Ul 

Tffu 

eel 

age 

arm 

all 

oak 

ooze 

foot 

"5"  K 

U  H 

GJ  q 

Kt 

cEd 

sj 

g;  g 

owl 

mwle 

catch 

thin 

thine 

she 

vision 

18 


INTRODUCTION. 


THE  ENGLISH  PHONETIC  ALPHABET. 


written 

9     6 


ITie  letter 

prntd 


/  j 

<r  * 

u& 


fla 

Go 
O  o 
UJui 


Ee 
Aa 
Oo 
Ua 
Uu 


Yy 
Ww 


is  altcayi 
sounded  as 

ee  in  eel 

a  ..ale 

a  . .   aim  A 

a  ..  all 

o  ..  ope 

oo  ..  food 


am 
olive 

«P 
foot 

z'sle 
oil 
owl 
mule 


way 


i 

oi 
ow 
u 

y 

to 


Hh        h     .. 


JL 


The  letter 
written        prntd 

Pp 
Bb 
Tt 
Dd 


Kk 


Ff 
Vv 
Et 

ad 

Ss 
Zz 


Rr 
LI 
Mm 
Nn 


Mm 


is  a!vayt 
sounded  a* 

p     injaole 
b     . .  Jowl 
f     ..toe 
d    ..  doe 
ch 


c    . .  came 
ff     . .  ffamt 

f  --/ear 

v  ..  peer 

th  ..Wigh 
tk-..thj 

s  . .  seal 

x  ..  zeal 

e  . .  vicious 

*  . .  viiiop 


n  . .  mum 
n  ..nun 
ng  . .  siry 


NOTE. — In  the  above  table,  in  addition  to  the  printing  letters  of 
the  phonetic  alphabet,  are  presented  the  longhand  script  characters. 
It  will  be  observed  that,  as  in  the  phonotypic  scheme,  the  old  let- 
ters are  retained  in  their  usual  sense,  and  new  ones  introduced, 
having  resemblance  to  their  corresponding  printed  letters,  and  of 
as  easy  formation  as  possible.  This  alphabet  is  used  by  Spelling 
Reformers,  who  are  so  in  truth,  in  all  cases  where  the  phonetic 
shorthand  could  not  be  read  by  the  person  for  whom  the  writing 
is  done  ;  for  phonetic  longhand  may  be  read,  with  very  little  hesi- 
tation, by  all  who  can  read  the  old  manuscript.  And  the  writer, 
in  addition  to  the  satisfaction  of  employing  a  scientific  orthogra- 
phy, economizes  twelve  per  cent  of  his  paper  and  time,  by  dis- 
pensing with  double  letters. 


INTRODUCTION.  19 

PHONOGRAPHY. 

Phonography  being  intended  for  the  pen  alone,  and  the 
principal  object  being  rapidity  of  execution,  with  a  mod- 
erate degree  of  legibility,  considerable  lisense  is  taken  as 
regards  strictly  phonetic  principles.  It  cannot  be  said  of 
phonetic  shorthand  that  "  no  sound  must  be  represented 
by  more  than  one  sign,"  and  that  "no  sign  must  represent 
more  than  one  sound."  The  reverse  of  this  statement  is 
true  in  frequent  instances;  but  not  in  such  away  as  mate- 
rially to  impair  the  scientific  accuracy  of  the  system.  In 
point  of  utility  there  are  great  advantages  derived  from 
having  two  or  three  forms  to  represent  certain  sounds,  and 
no  serious  disadvantage. 

The  simplest  signs  which  it  was  possible  to  obtain  for 
the  phonographic  alphabet,  are,  1st,  the  dot;  2d,  the  dash; 
3d,  the  straight  line;  4th,  the  curve.  The  dots  and  dashes 
are  used  to  represent  the  vowels;  the  straight  lines  and 
curves  represent  the  consonants.  The  following  diagrams 
exhibit  the  source  from  which  the  latter  are  derived,  or 
rather  the  different  positions  to  each  other  in  which  they 
are  placed  to  represent  different  letters. 


It  will  be  observed  that  the  straight  line  assumes  four 
different  positions,  and  the  curved  one  eight;  these  are  as 
many  positions  as  can  be  recognized  without  danger  of 
confusion;  and  these  two  simple  characters  can  be  written 
in  these  twelve  positions  so  as  to  be  just  as  distinct  and 
legible  as  though  this  number  of  differently  shaped  letters 


20  INTRODUCTION. 

were  employed.  Here  now  we  have  the  means  of  repre- 
senting twelve  consonant  sounds;  but  since  in  writing  we 
can  make  either  light  or  heavy  marks,  this  number  may 
be  doubled  by  recognizing  the  same  number  of  heavy 
lines  and  curves. 

While  it  is  found  necessary  to  make  each  of  the  prim- 
itive characters  heavy,  in  order  to  obtain  a  sufficient 
number,  it  is  also  found  a  useful  and  philosophical  method 
of  distinguishing  between  the  natures  of  different  sounds. 
Thus,  eight  of  the  sounds  which  these  characters  are  to 
represent  are  mere  whispers,  produced  by  the  transition  of 
the  organs  of  speech  from  one  position  to  another,  or  by 
the  simple  contact  of  different  parts  of  the  mouth,  with- 
out any  vocal  sound;  and  there  are  eight  others  made  in 
the  same  manner,  but  have  in  addition  a  slightly  rough- 
ened or  vocal  sound,  which  require  a  greater  effort  to 
produce  them.  To  follow  nature,  therefore,  and  preserve 
a  correspondence  between  signs  and  sounds,  the  light 
signs  are  made  to  represent  the  light  or  whispered  sounds, 
and  the  heavy  signs  to  represent  the  heavy  sounds.  Thus, 
both  the  difference  between  the  sounds  and  their  resem- 
blance are  at  once  represented.  And  it  being  so  natural 
to  represent  a  light  sound  by  a  light  stroke,  and  a  heavy 
sound  by  a  heavy  stroke,  the  phonographic  pupil  finds, 
after  a  little  practice,  that  he  makes  the  difference  in  the 
strokes  without  any  thought  about  it.  But  the  similarity 
of  sound  between  the  heavy  and  light  strokes  is  so  great 
that,  if  at  any  time  the  difference  in  the  thickness  of  the 
lines  is  not  clearly  made,  it  will  not  seriously  affect  the 
legibility  of  the  writing  to  the  experienced  phonographer. 
Thus,  for  example,  if  the  word  Sinsinati  were  written  so 
as  to  be  pronounced  Zinzinadi,  the  reader  could  hardly 
mistake  the  intention  cf  the  writer. 


INTRODUCTION.  21 

The  consonant  sounds  are  classified  as  follows: — 

1.  Abrupts:     These  elements  are  produced  by  a  total 
contact  of  the  different  organs  of  speech,  abruptly  inter- 
rupting the  outward  passage  of  the  breath,  or  the  voice. 
They  are  eight  in  number,  and  have  the  eight  straight 
marks  appropriated  for  their  representation,  as  illustrated 
in  the  following  table, — the  italisized  letters  of  the  words 
indicating  the  sounds  represented  : 

Whispered,     \  pole,      |    foe,     /  cAair,    —  came. 
Spoken,  \  bow],     \    doc,    /  jeer,     — ^rame. 

By  a  little  observation  in  comparing  the  sound  of  p  with 
that  of  b,  in  the  words  pole  and  bowl,  the  distinction  of 
whispered  and  spoken,  or  light  and  heavy,  will  be  appre- 
ciated. As  far  as  articulation,  or  the  contact  of  the  organs 
of  speech  is  concerned,  the  consonants  p  and  b  are  identical; 
the  sound  of  the  former,  however,  is  produced  by  the 
breath  only,  while  the  latter  requires  the  assistance  of  the 
voice,  which  commences  before  the  lips,  the  organs  by 
which  the  articulation  is  produced,  are  disconnected.  The 
same  remarks  apply  to  each  of  the  other  pairs  of  abnipts, 
as  the  reader  will  discover  by  speaking  the  illustrative 
words  in  connection. 

2.  Continuants:     The  organs  of  speech  are  in  contact 
in  the  production  of  these  elements,  yet  not  so  firmly  as 
to  totally  obstruct  the  passage  of  breath,  or  voice;  but  the 
articulation  may  be  continued  any  length  of  time.     There 
are,  also,  eight  of  these  elements — half  of  them  whispered 
and  half  spoken.     They  may  be  illustrated  as  the  ab- 
rupts  were  : 

Whispered,     V^/an,      (  thm,      )  seal,     ^)  shun. 
Spoken,  ^_van,       (  (hen,     )  zeal, 


22  INTRODUCTION. 

3.  Liquids:     These  are  r  and  /,  and  are  called  liquids 
because  they  readily  run  into  or  unite  with  other  conso- 
nant sounds.     They  are  not  distinguished  by  any  variation 
of  sound,  as  the  abrupts  and  continuants,  and  are  repre- 
sented by  light  curves;  thus: 

"^  row,       f~  7ow. 

4.  Nasals:     The  sounds  oi  m,  n,  and  nig,  are  called 
nasals  from  the  fact  that  the  organs  are  brought  in  com- 
plete  contact  and  the   voice   driven  through  the  nose. 
The  m,  and  n  are   represented   by  the  two   remaining 
light  curves,  and  ng  by  the  heavy  curve  corresponding 
to  n,  as  being  nearly  related  to  that  sound  ;  thus: 

^~N  mum,  ^-s   mm,  \^  sing. 

5.  Ambiffues  :     These  are  y,  w  and  /*,  and  hold,  as  it 
were,  a  middle  place  between  the  vowels  and  consonants  ; 
their  powers  are  more  feeble  than  the  other  consonants, 
yet  they  must  be  recognized  as  belonging  to  that  class  of 
sounds,  on  account  of  their  want   of  vocality.*     They 
never  occur  in  English  except  before  a  vowel ;  the  h  being 
simply  a  breathing  upon  the  following  vowel  is  often  term- 
ed an  aspirate.     The  following  are   their  phonographic 
signs,  and  the  words  illustrating  their  powers  : 

f~  yea,  "^    way,  </  Aay. 

*  Many  persons  imagine  the  powers  of  y  and  w  to  be  i  and  w 
or  w;  (see  Phonotypic  alphabet,  p.  18,)  and  would  spell  words  pho- 
netically thus  :  yet  iet;  yale  ial;  yam  iam;  week  uwc  or  utc,  wall 
uiel,  worm  uiurm;  &c.  We  admit  this  representation  is  an  approx- 
imation to  the  true  one;  but  these  vowels  have  too  great  powers 
for  the  weak  whispers  to  be  represented,  as  will  be  seen  if  we  take 
words  in  which  the  same  vowel  would  follow;  take  yeast  iest,  year 
ier,  and  mound  uimnd,  or  wool  uul;  and  it  will  readily  be  seen  that 
they  do  not  afford  just  the  pronunciation  we  want;  and  beside,  this 
representation  would  make  monosyllables  into  words  of  two  sylla- 
bles, because  every  vowel  in  a  word  requires  a  distinct  syllabic 
pronunciation. 


w 

INTRODUCTION.  23 

VOWEL  ARRANGEMENT  : — In  order  to  represent  the 
twelve  vowel  sounds  by  the  two  signs,  a  dot  and  a  dash, 
a  scheme  similar  to  that  of  representing  musical  sounds 
by  the  round  note  is  resorted  to.  As  the  vowels  rarely 
occur  except  in  combination  with  a  consonant,  they  are  in- 
dicated by  the  position  in  which  the  dot  or  dash  is  placed 
to  the  consonant  stroke  ;  thus,  a  dot  placed  at  the  begin- 
ning of  a  consonant  represents  the  vowel  e  (ee,)  at  the 
middle,  a  (age,)  at  the  end,  q  (ah  ;)  the  dash  at  the  be- 
ginning is  e  (awe,)  at  the  middle,  o  (owe,)  at  the  end,  ?« 
(oo.)  The  remaining  six  vowels  are  short  or  brief,  as  com- 
pared with  the  foregoing  six,  and  are  appropriately  repre- 
sented by  the  dot  and  dash  in  the  same  manner,  but  made 
lighter;  and  all  that  has  been  said  in  regard  to  light  and 
heavy  consonants  applies  to  the  vowels.  In  the  following 
illustration  the  vowel  signs  are  placed  to  a  dotted  line 
merely  to  indicate  the  position  of  the  dot  and  dash  ;  it  is 
no  part  of  the  vowel.  The  italic  letters  in  the  accom- 
panying words  suggest  the  vowel  sounds  : 

eel,      •!  ale,     J  arm,      "iall,       -j  oak,    J  ooze. 

ill,       -\  ell,       j  am,         j  on,      -j  up,      _!  wood. 
VipJitlwngs :  These  being  compound  sounds,  and  all  the 
simple  characters  being  otherwise  disposed  of,  they  are 
represented  by  complex  signs.     They  will  be  understood 
by  the  following  illustration  : 

Vi     .  i  A:        .,  ;          •, 

!  zsle,  |   oil,  A!  owl. 

Tripthongs ;  These  result  from  the  union  of  w  with 
each  of  the  above  diphthongs,  which  are  more  convenient 
to  represent  by  single  characters  than  otherwise  ;  thus  : 

I    wine,  nj  <]uoit,  J   wound. 

On  the  following  page  the  whole  alphabet  is  present- 
ed in  a  tabular  form. 


PHONOGRAPHIC    ALPHABET. 

CONSONANTS. 

'\  p  ^post 
N  b   ioast 

V_v    rat 

LIQUIDS. 

i  r  ray 

ABRUPT*!. 

i    t     ^ip 
1    d    dip 
'     §    c/iest 

f         vp^t 
j    j^^^ 

en 

O 
O 

v    ^   thy 
)    s    seal 
)  z    real 

KB.  NASALS. 

'•-^  m  met 
<  ^-^n  wet 

[/"  j  yea 

-k    lite 

i?i    *Ae 

o 

\  ^\vr  u-ay 

rr_g  ^t 

^  3    vision 

^ 

[  (^  h  hay 

VOWELS. 

•j  E   eel 

'    i  ill 

S 

v|    i    isle 

i 

8. 
c 
»3 

•j   a  ale 
I    q  arm 
-j    e  awed 

h 

c  . 

a 
02 

-    e  ell 
a  am 
o  odd 

1 

r 

a 

L 

A     cr  oil 

A      X    OJfl 

1  wj  trind 

-j  o  ope 

-    u  up 

£ 

T                                        -1 

;WO  quOit 

_;  ui  fool 

u  fwll 

* 

-,'wy  wo«nd 

ADDITIONAL.  —  For  the  satisfaction  of  those  who  wish  to  rep- 
resent a  more  critical  pronunciation  than  tue  above  scheme  en- 
ables them  to  do,  the  following  additions  ire  suggested: 
For  the  vowel  in  care,    '!  written  thus,  """"N. 
For  the  vowel  in  ask,  >\    wiitten  thus,  '} 
For  the  close  diphthong  in  mute,  ,j   written  thus,  /~"Jj 

MANUAL   OF  PHONOGRAPHY. 


LESS  OX  I. 
ON    WRITING    AND    VOCALIZING    THE     SIMPLE     CONSONANTS. 

If  the  learner  of  Phonography  has  attentively  read  the 
preceding  Introduction,  and  obtained  a  clear  idea  of  the 
phonetic  principle,  he  will  find  no  difficulty  in  mastering 
the  course  of  lessons  which  follows.  The  following  ar- 
rangement of  the  consonant  phonographs  affords  a  kind  of 
picture  to  the  student  which  will  enable  him  to  fix  in  his 
mind  the  power  of  each  letter  by  the  position  it  has  in 
the  table.  It  will  be  as  important  to  learn  the  phono- 
typic  as  the  shorthand  letters,  because  the  exercises  to  be 
written  are  printed  in  phonotypy,  as  a  means  of  greatly 
assisting  the  pupil  in  writing  his  lessons. 

\p     \b          I  t      |d         /q     /j 

^v          (*      (<*  )s      )z 

~\r      S~  1      ^  m       ^-'n        • 


1.  The   perpendicular   and  inclined   consonants   are 
written  from  the  top  downward;  the  horizontal  ones  are 
written  from  left  to  right. 

2.  EXCEPTIONS.  —  The    f~   /,  when  the   only  conso- 
nant in  a  word,  is  always  written  upward;  at  other  times 
it  may  be  written  either  upward  or  downward,  as  is  most 
convenient.     _J  f  is  always  written  downward  when  the 
only     consonant    in  a  word,   and    either   downward    or 
upward  at  other  times.     </  is  written  upward. 

3  (25) 


26  MANUAL    OF  PII  JNOGRAPHY. 

3.  Ruled  paper  should  be  used  ;  and,  for  the  first  few 
exorcises,  until  the  pupil  becomes  familiar  with  the  char- 
acters, a  pencil  should  be  employed  in  preference  to  a  pea, 
after  which  either  a  pen  or  pencil  may  be  used, — cither  of 
which  should  be  held  loosely  between  the  first  and  second 
fingers  and  the  thumb,  as  when  u;ed  for  drawing.     The 
beginner  generally  experiences  some  difficulty,  unless  he 
has  been  accustomed  to  back-hand  writing,  in  making  the 
strokes  from  left  to  right ;  and  is  apt  to  imagine  that  he 
shall  never  be   able  to  strike  \  with  the  same  ease  with 
which  he  can  execute  /      This  difficulty  is,  however,  en- 
tirely the  result  of  habit  in  writing  otherwise  ;  and  after  a 
very  short  practice  he  will  find  that  the  muscles  acquire 
complete  facility  in  this  and  all  the  other  movements  re- 
quired in  Phonography. 

4.  The  consonants  should  be  written  about  the  size  of 
those  given  in  these  pages  ;  and  particular  attention  should, 
at  first,  be  observed  in  writing  the  curved  thick  letters,  mak- 
ing them  thick  in  the  middle  only,  and  tapering  to  a  light 
line  toward  each  extremity.     The  inclined  strokes  should 
be  written  at  an  inclination  of  45  degrees,  or  midway  be- 
tween the  horizontal  and  vertical.     Commence  the  strokes 
so  that  when  of  the  proper  length  they  will  rest  on  the 
line  of  writing. 

Let  the  pupil  now  take  his  pen  or  pencil,  and  go 
through  the  list  of  consonants,  writing  them  as  in  the  pre- 
ceding table,  speaking  at  the  same  time  the  power  of  the 
letter;  and  observing,  also,  the  light  and  heavy  character 
of  the  signs,  and  their  proper  length. 

5.  In  order  to  establish  some    mode    of  writing  th« 
vowels,  the  point  where  the  consonant  stroke  is  commenced 
is  called  ihe  first  place,  the  middle  of  the  stroke  its  second 
place,  and  where  it  ends,  the  third  place. 


MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY.  27 

VOWEL    SCHEME. 
long.  short.  long.  short. 


-o 


6.  The  proper  sounds  of  these  dots  and  dashes,  in  their 
several  positions,  should  be  well  memorized.     They  may 
be  designated  thus:  —  s  is  the  first  place  heavy  dot;  a  is 
the  second  place  heavy  dot;  q  is  the  third  place  heavy  dot; 
o  is  the  first  place  heavy  dash;  o  is  the  second  place  heavy 
dash;  w   is  the   third   place  heavy   dash  ;    i  is   the  first 
place  light  dot,  &c.;  o  is  the  first  place  light  dash,  <fec. 

7.  In  order  to  insure  getting  the  dots  and  dashes  in 
their  proper  positions,  the  consonant  phonographs,  wheth- 
er one  or  many,  are   always   written  first;  thus,  |  _  tJc, 
~~1  nd,    r\^  III,  -  gg.       This   gives   what  is    called 
the  skeleton  of  the  word,  and  the  vowels  are  jotted  in  af- 
terward,  similar  to  dotting  the  is  and  crossing  the  is  in 
the  longhand.7 

8.  In  vocalizing  the  consonants,  that  is,  in  placing  the 
vowels  to  them,  they  should  be  written  near  the  strokes, 
but  not  so  that  they  will  join;  the  dashes  should  be  written 
at  right  angles  with  the  consonants  ;  thus,     V^  ev, 


\po,   |_  tui,    ^fo,  ~T  ffo,  -7'  no. 


7.  This  may  seem  like  atedious  process,  and  is,  to  the  learner,  for 
sometime;  but,  as  he  becomes  accustomed  to  it,  it  will  be  done 
very  readily;  and  as  he  becomes  familiar  with  the  appearance 
of  the  writing  the  necessity  for  vocalizing  will  cease,  to  a  consider- 
able extent,  and  only  the  accented,  or  distinguishing  vowels  will 
need  to  be  inserted  ;  —  the  consonant  outlines  of  words,  assisted  by 
the  seme  of  the  sentence,  generally  indicating  the  true  words;  just 
as  the  frame  work  of  a  building,  or  the  skeleton  of  an  animal,  sug- 
gests to  the  mind  at  once  what  the  structure  would  be  if  all  its  parts 
were 


28  MANUAL   OF    PHONOGRAPH!". 

9.  As  in  covering  a  page  with  writing  we  proceed  from 
left  to  right,  and  from  the  upper  to  the  lower  line,  so,  in 
writing  the  dots  and  dashes,  if  we  wish  the  vowel  to  read 
first  we  write  it  before  the  consonant,  if  perpendicular  or 
inclined,  (the  inclined  strokes,  whether  straight  or  curved, 
being  treated  as  though  they  were  perpendicular,)  and 
above,  if  horizontal ;  thus,     |  et,  ^\  ap,     «^  ar,  ^  am, 
—  ok,  if  we  wish  it  to  read  after  the  consonant,  we  write 
it  after  or  below  the  stroke;  thus,    \£  ~bo,<?*   ha,  f  Is, 
_J   fut,  ^  mq,  ^  ns. 

10.  Words  containing  only  horizontal  consonants,  if 
the  accented  vowels  be  first  place,  are  written  about  the 
height  of  a  vertical  stroke  above  the  line  ;  as  *~^  ms,  • — ks ; 
if  the  vowels  be  second  or  third  place,  they  are  written  on 
the  line  ;  as,  —  ga,  ^  mo.   EXCEPTIONS  :  him  is  written  on 
the  line,  to  prevent  confounding  it  (should  the  vowels  be 

omitted,)  with  the  word  ins;  and  eni  is  written  above  the 
' 

line,  to  obviate  its  being  read  no. 

MARKS  OF  PUNCTUATION  :  x  period,  J  colon,  £  in- 
terogation,  f  wonder,  |  grief,  ?  laughter,  {  )  parenthesis; 
the  comma  and  semi- colon  may  be  written  as  in  common, 
manuscript. 

An  emphatic  word  or  sentence  is  indicated  by  a  waved 
line  being  drawn  beneath  it,  thus  :  ^  ;  if  it  is  desired  to 
indicate  that  a  word  should  commence  with  a  capital  let- 
ter, it  is  shown  by  two  parallel  dashes  being  written  direct- 
ly under  it :  thus,  „ 

KIVIEW. — (1.)  \Vhieh  of  the  consonant  phonographs  are  written  downwards1} 
How  are  the  horizontal  ones  written?  What  are  they?  (C.)  Arv  there  any 
exceptions  to  these  general  rules  ?  and  what  are  they  V  (.>.)  How  are  the  sounds 
of  the  vowels  designated?  Speak  the  three  heavy  dot  vowels.  The  three 


(9.)  In  what  directions  are  the  letters  in  a  phonographic  word  read  '!  To  which 
class  do  the  inclined  strokes  belong  ?  (10.)  How  are  words  containing  only  hor- 
izontal strokes  written?  What  are  the  exceptions? 


MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY.  29 

READING  EXERCISE   I. 

The  following  exercises  should  be  read  over  frequently, 
till  the  learner  acquires  the  correct  sounds  of  the  vowels 
and  their  consecutive  order.  They  will,  at  the  same  time, 
become  familiar  with  many  of  the  consonants. 

eel  ale  arm  all  ope  fool 


f     r     c     /f     r 


til  ell  am  on  up  full 

1-1        J  1  \  J 

\     \  \  -\  x  x 

.r     r  r  ^  r.  /~ 


30  MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 

READING  EXERCISE  II. 


)  *-s.-f\,\ 
x  i  /  v/" 
x-i  /  _^rx  i- 


\ 


C  T 


_,_-(    -)  ^j  X  /-,-V.   (- 


. 


11.  In  vocalizing  the  consonants  of  a  word,  the  first 
thing  to  be  done  is  to  ascertain  whether  the  first  vowel  to 
be  written  is  a  dot  sign  or  a  dash  sign ;  and,  secondly, 
whether  it  is  a  long  sound  or  a  short  sound ;  and  lastly, 
what  place  to  the  consonant  it  should  occupy.  If  the 
learner's  memory  is  not  good,  or  his  perception  quick,  so 
that  he  can  decide  these  points  readily,  a  good  plan  for  ar- 
riving at  the  results  is  to  commence  at  the  beginning  of 
the  scale  of  vowels  and  speak  them  thus,  e  i,  a,  e,  q  ,?, 


MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY.  31 

(observing  that  thus  far  the  signs  are  dots,  heavy  and 
light,  and  that  the  remainder  are  dashes,)  o  o,  o  u,  m  u, 
till  he  arrives  at  the  one  he  wishes  to  write  ;  just  as  the 
learner  of  music,  when  he  cannot  strike  the  proper  sound 
of  a  note,  commences  at  do  and  runs  up  the  scale  till 
he  obtains  the  proper  sound. 

NOTE. — For  the  purpose  of  assisting  the  learner  until  he  becomes  familiar 
with  phonetic  printing,  a  few  of  the  first  exercises  for  writing  will  be  printed 
ijj  both  modes  of  spelling. 

WRITING  EXERCISE  I. 

Ape,  eat,  eight,  age,   ache,  eve,  ease,  ale,  ear,  air,  aim. 
£ip,     et,       at,      aj,       ak,      ev,    ez,      al,      er,    ar,    am. 

Ebb,  it,  ate,  add,  itch,  edge,  egg,  if,  ill,  am. 
Eb,   it,    et,     ad,     ic,,       ej,       eg,     if,  il,  am. 

Ope,  ought,  ode,  oak,  off,  oath,  owes,  ooze,  all,  or,  own. 
Op,  ot,  od,  ok,  of,  06,  oz,  tuz,  el,  er,  on. 

Up,  odd,  of,  us,  err,  on. 
Up,    od,    ov,  us,   ur,  on. 

Pea,  pay,  pa,  tea,  day,  jay,  key,  gay,  fee,  they,  see, 
Pe,  pa,  pq,  te,  da,  ja,  ke,  ga,  fe,  da,  se. 

say,  she,  ray,  lee,  me,  may,  ma,  nay,  yea,  way,  hay. 
sa,     Je,      ra,    le,    me,    ma,    mq,  na,     ya,     wa,    ha. 

Paw,  beau,  toe,  do,  jaw,  caw,  coo,  go,  thaw,  though, 
Pe,  bo,  to,  dm,  jo,  ko,  kra,  go,  6e,  do, 

saw,  sow,  show,   law,  low,  raw,  rue,  know,  woe,  hoe. 
so,     so,       Jo,        le,     lo,      re,     rui,     no,      wo,     ho. 


32  MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 

LESSON    II. 

THE    DIPHTHONGS  —  DOT   //—COMBINED    CONSONANTS. 

V!     •  A! 

1 1-         !  °-        A!  »• 

12.  These  diphthong  characters  occupy  but  two  places, 
the  beginning  and  end  of  a  consonant.  When  written  in 
the  first  place,  with  the  point  downward,  the  angle  repre- 
sents the  first  sound  in  isle ;  with  the  point  upward,  in  the 
same  place,  the  first  sound  in  oil";  with  the  point  upward, 
and  in  the  third  place,  the  first  sound  in  our.  The  charac- 
ters should  be  written  without  lifting  the  pen,  and  placed 
in  a  perpendicular  position  -to  the  inclined  and  horizontal 
strokes  as  well  as  to  the  vertical ;  thus,  X^  pi,  (v  #/, 
^  m},  \  bo,  A  kv,~^\  vr,  ^_-.  nv. 

WRITING    EXERCISE    II. 

Bi,     tj,      fj,      vj,     dj,      SJ,       Ji,      lj,     rj,      mj,    nj;       js, 
By,   tie,    fie,    vie,  thy,  sigh,  shy,  lie,  rye,  my,  nigh ;  ice, 

jz,         jl,      jr,    jsi.      Bcr,     to-,    jo-,  ke ;    el,   aner.        By, 
eyes,  aisle,  ire,  icy.    Boy,  toy,  joy,  coy ;  oil,  annoy.    Bow, 

dy,       ky,     vs,     &•&,      rar,      al^,      n~s ;      st,     -sr,     xl. 
dow,  cow,  vow,  sow,  row,  allow,  now ;  out,  our,  owl. 


13.  DOT  Ti. — Since  the  aspirate  never  occurs  in  English 
except  before  a  vowal,  a  briefer  mode  of  representing  it  than 
the  long  sign  <^  is  generally  employed,  namely,  alight  dot 
placed  immediately  before  the  vowel ;  it  should  be  written 
to  the  left  of  the  dot  vowels  that  belong  to  a  vertical  or  in- 
clined stroke,  and  above  those  belonging  to  horizontals  ; 
and  above  the  dash  vowels  of  the  former,  and  to  the  left  of 
those  of  the  latter;  thus,  ")  hit,  ^  hig,  X>  hem,  "~|  hod, 
"v\  hvr  ^*  horn. 


MANUAL  OF   PHONOGRAPHY.  33 

Although  this  li  is  the  same  in  shape  as  the  light  dot 
vowels,  it  need  never  lead  to  any  mistake,  from  the  fact 
that  no  dot  vowel  ever  occurs  immediately  before  an- 
other dot  vowel. 

READING  EXERCISE  III. 


••\  -i  ..i  -I  7  •/../  _i  ..r  *\  ^< 

"WRITING  EXERCISE    III. 

Hep,        hat,     hed,      hev,        het     hel,      hal,    her,     har ; 
Heap,     hate,  heed,   heave,  heat,    heal,  hail,  hear,  hair; 

hat,     hcd,       hie,,       hej,         haj",      hil,     him,    ham,    hag. 
hat,    head,    hitch,    hedge,    hash,    hill,   him,  ham,  hang, 

Hop,      hrap,    hod,     hek,      hoi,     horn ;     hop,     hub,     hot, 
Hope,    hoop,  hoed,  hawk,  hole,  home;   hop,   hub,    hot, 

hud,   hog,   hug,   hur,  hum,   hug  ;     hapi,      hevi,         heti, 
hood,  hog,  hug,  her,  hum,  hung;  happy,  heavy,  haughty, 

holi,    huni. 
holy,  honey. 

Hit,         hjv,     hjr,     hjli;         hsl. 
Height,  hive,  hire,  highly  ;  howl. 

He  ma    go    horn    n-s.       So      no    heti      ar. 
He  may  go  home  now.     Show  no  haughty  air. 


34  MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 

COMBINED  CONSONANTS. 

14.  In  commencing  to  write  a  word,  the  first  thing  the 
learner  has  to  do  is  to  pronounce  it  slowly,  and  ascertain 
what  are  the  elementary  sounds  of  which  it  is  composed, 
and  then  write  the  consonant  signs,  as  heretofore  direct- 
ed.    When  the  first  consonant  to  be  written  requires  a 
downward   stroke,  it  is  commenced  its  length  above   the 
line  of  writing  and  struck  to  the  line,  and  if  a  downward 
stroke  follow,  it  is  carried  on  below  the  line  ;  thus,  ~-y 
pt,  — L  dp ;  if  the  first  consonant  be  a  horizontal  stroke, 
and  a  down-stroke  follow,  it  is  written  above  the  line  and 
the  second  one  carried  to  it;  thus,     ~\kd,    /  ng ;  but  if 
an  up-stroke  sign  follow  the  horizontal,  the  latter  should 
be  written  on  the  line  ;  thus,  ^^f  ml,  f  kl. 

15,  In  reading  the  consonants  in  a  word,  they  must  of 
course  be  uttered  in  the  order  in  which  they  were  written; 
thus,  for  example,  in  reading   /^  the   "~  *"  must  be  read 
first,  because  it  is  evident  it  was  written  first,  as  the  writer 
could  not  have  begun  at  the  angle  and  written  the  /'  and 
then  gone  back  and  written  the         ,  without  violating  the 
rule  requiring  the  skeleton  of  a  word  to  be  written  be- 
fore lifting  the  pen  ;  and  he  could  not  have  begun  at  the 
bottom  of  the  / ',  and  written  it  upwards,  and  then  the 

backwards,  without  violating  the  two  rules,  that  c  is 
to  be  written  downwards  and  n  from  left  to  right. 

It  sometimes  happens  that  a  consonant  which  seems  to 
be  farther  along  than  another  in  the  line  of  writing,  must 
be  read  first;  as  /  ;  but  from  the  fact  that  /  is  always 
to  be  written  downward,  we  know  the  letters  are  to  be 
ready/  and  not  Ij.  By  a  little  observation  of  this  kind  the 
learner  will  soon  see  at  a  glance,  and  without  thought, 
how  any  word  is  to  be  read. 


MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY.  36  • 

» 

16.  In  vocalizing  two  or  more  consonants  it  is  very  im- 
portant to  keep  the  vowel  signs  away  from  the  angles  or 
places  where  the  consonants  join,  especially  from  the  in- 
side of  angles,  as  in  such  positions  it  is  impossible  to  tell 
to  which   stroke   they   belong  ;  thus,  it  cannot  be    told 
whether  v-^  *s  'ne  wor<i  &£m  or  bqm. 

17.  After  the  shape  of  a  vowel,  and  the  place  it  should 
occupy,  are  determined,  the  following  rules,  in  addition  to 
those  for  vocalizing  single  consonants,  are  to  be  observed: 

Flr&t.  When  a  first  place  vowel,  or  diphthong,  comes  be- 
tween two  consonants  it  is  placed  immediately  after  the 
first  ;  as  "  ~\  krp,  \_  rem,  v  ]  k[t. 

Second.  A  second  place  vowel,  if  it  be  long,  is  also 
written  after  the  first  consonant  ;  as  ^|  gat,  ]^  dom  ;  but 
if  short,  it  is  written  before  the  second;  as  ~~]  get,  Jj^  dum; 
by  which  arrangement  we  arc  enabled  to  determine  the 
sound  of  the  middle  place  vowel  by  position  as  well  as 
by  the  size  of  the  dot  or  dash. 

Third.  Third  place  vowels  arc  written  before  the  second 
consonant  ;  as  v-,«  bqm,  \^  lint,  I  dst. 


A 

Fourth.  If  two  vowels  come  between  two  consonants, 
the  first  one  spoken  is  written  to  the  first  stroke,  and  the 
next  one  to  the  second  ;  thus,  \X.  poem,  \/^\  palM. 

Some  deviations  from  these  rules  occur  in  contracted 
forms  of  writing  ;  but  their  general  observance  renders 
the  manuscript  more  legible  than  it  could  otherwise  be. 

18.  If  two  vowels  precede  the  first  consonant  in  a 
word,  the  first  is  written  farther  from  the  consonant  than 
the  second  ;  thus,  v-|  join  ;  if  it  terminate  with  two, 
the  last  is  written  farther  from  the  consonant  sign  ;  as, 

T. 


36  MANUAL   OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 

19.  When  the  diphthong  v  commences  a  word  it  is> 
customary  to  go  on  writing  the  following  consonant  with- 
out lifting  the  pen,  as  in  the  word  idea,,  just  given,    \^item, 
&c. ;  and   the   practice   is   extended,  without  any   dan- 
ger of  ambiguity,  and  with  much  saving  of  time,  to  the 
connection  of  the  pronoun  f  with  the  following  word;  as, 
v^y^"(     I  bihv,    ^ —    ifer.     In  this  latter  case  the  writing 

is  entirely  legible,  even  if  the  first  prong  of  the  angle  is 
omitted,  which  is  often  done,  for  the  sake  of  brevity. 

20.  In   reading  words  of  two  or  more  consonants,  it 
must  be  observed  that  each  stroke,  and  the  vowel-sign  or 
signs  placed  to  it,  must  be  read  precisely  as  they  would 
be  if  they  stood  unconnected  with  other  consonant  strokes; 
thus,  \^)'   read  in  this  way  would  be  considered  thus  : 
\  C  )     po-li-si ;  ~V"]' ,    if   analyzed  thus:    "^  (T  | 
would  reveal  the  word  realiti.    This  process  will  be  neces- 
sary till  the  learner  can  read  words  from  their  general  ap- 
pearance. 

READING    EXERCISE   IV. 


MANUAL    OF    PIIONOGBAPBY.  37 

REVIEW. — (12.)  How  many  diphthongs  are  there  ?  Speak  the  first,  and  de- 
scribe its  sign ;  the  second ;  the  third.  How  are  they  to  be  written  ?  (33.) 
What  is  the  second  form  of  the  aspirate  ?  How  should  it  be  placed  to  the  dot 
vowels  ? — the  dash  vowels  'I  (14.)  How  are  the  consonant  signs  adjusted  to  the 
line  of  writing  ?  (15.)  What  is  the  order  of  reading  words  having  two  or  mora 
consonants?  (16.)  In  vocalizing  what  is  very  important?  (17.)  What  is  the 
rule  for  writing  first-place  vowels  that  come  between  two  consonants  ? — the  rule 
for  second-place  vowels? — for  third  place  vowels?  If  two  vowels  occur  be- 
tween two  consonants,  how  are  they  to  be  written  ?  (18.)  If  two  vowels  begin 
or  terminate  a  word,  how  are  they  to  be  written?  (19.)  What  peculiarity  is 
pjacticed  in  writing  the  diphthong  /  f  (20.)  What  is  the  rule  for  reading  a  word 
having  two  or  more  consonants  and  accompanying  vowels  ? 


WRITING   EXERCISE  IV. 

Bet,  bak,  bar,  peg,  bq,m,  pad,  pal,  pq,m,  tern,  dam,  tqr, 
ded,  dat,  cjep,  gar,  cjer,  cjef,  kep,  gat,  kel,  gal,  kam,  kak,  Jam, 
qrk,  qrm,  hq,rp,  lep,  lat,  lq,f,  nav,  nam,  awak,  awar. 

Bit,  pet,  pad,  pig,  beg,  bag,  pil,  del,  fil,  vali,  ril,  rim,  rali, 
lip,  lej,  liv,  mac;,  mej,  maj,  mil,  milk,  ahed. 

Bet,  pop,  buit,  tet,  dor,  tuil,  qek,  jok,  kel,  kol,  kuil,  gedi, 
fel,  ferm,  vot,  fuid,  rog,  ruim,  lof,  mel,  muiv,  neti,  awok. 

Pot,  bug,  buk,  bodi,  dot,  doj,  dug,  kuk,  foli,  fuli,  Jok,  Juk, 
rok,  rug,  ruk,  lok,  luk,  luk,  mok,  mug,  muj,  nok,  nuj,  nuk. 

Pjl,  abjd,  bol,  qjd,  fsl,  cjjm,  ab^t,  mil,  deker,  deljt,  av^d, 
al^d,  enje,  berlur,  fjlur. 

Get  me  mj  buk.  Put  awa  mj  dul  njf.  Fil  mj  kup  ful. 
Ferm  no  bad  habit  in  bo-hud  ;  it  ma  efect  dj  helO— d|  hop  in 
aj.  He  ma  be  felti — na,  gilti.  Foli  ma  fal  at  leg  6. 


456304 


38 


MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 


LESSON    III. 

UP-STROKES    Jf,  X   AND  L— VOWEL    WORD-SIGNS. 

21.  In  order  to  prevent  words  from  running  too   far 
below  the  line  for  convenience  or  beauty,  and  to  afford 
a  variety  of  skeleton  outlines,  by  which  different  words 
having  the  same  consonant  sounds  may  be  written  differ-, 
ently,  and  thus  be  distinguished  without  being  vocalized, 
provision  is  made  for  representing  several  of  the  conso- 
nant sounds  by  both  upward  and  downward  strokes.    This 
provision  also  makes  the  writing  more  easy  of  execution, 
since  these  op-strokes  are  all  in  the  inclination  of  the  line 
of  writing,  from  left  to  right.     The  letters  thus  represent- 
ed are/,  /,  and  ;•;  the  latter  of  which,  only,  requires  a  dif- 
ferent character. 

22.  The  second  sign  for  r  is  a  straight  line  struck  up- 
ward at  an  angle  of  thirty  degrees  ;  thus,  ^^   Though 
this  character  is  specially  available  in  writing  words  re- 
quiring two  or  more  consonants,  yet  it  is  frequently  used 
alone  ;  as  ^/  •?•/,  and  more  frequently  when  terminating 
with  a   circle   or  hook,  (  Lessons    IV,    VI,)  when  it  is 
less  likely  to  be  confounded  with  <?,  written  downward  and 
of  nearly  the  same  inclination ;  in  neither  case,  however, 
is  there  any  difficulty  experienced  by  the  adept,  since  the 
sense  of   the  preceding  words   nearly  always   suggests 
what  the  following  word  is. 

23.  When  written  in  connection  with  other  consonants, 
there  is  never  any  ambiguity,  since  it  can  be  seen  at  a 
glance  whether  the  stroke  is  written  upward  or  downward; 
thus,  [/  tr,    \    tg,  /\  rt.     So  that  while  the  rule  is  that 


MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPH?.  39 

g  shall  be  written  at  an  angle  of  sixty  degrees,  and  r 
at  an  angle  of  thirty  degrees,  they  may  both  be  written 
at  the  same  inclination,  except  when  either  is  the  only 
consonant  in  a  word  ;  and  except,  also,  when  one  of  them 
immediately  follows  the  other,  as  /] ,  in  which  case  ne- 
cessity compels  one  to  be  written  at  a  different  inclinat  en 
from  the  other. 

24.  The  rule  that  the  beginning  of  a  consonant  stroke 
is  where  the  first-place  vowel  is  written,  and  the  termina- 
tion of  a  stroke  the    third-place,   must  be   observed  in 
vocalizing  this  up-stroke/ ;   thus,  SY   rig,  ^\    r^p, 
£S*\  gariti. 

25.  The  following  rules  in  regard  to  the  use  of  the 
two  forms  of  r,  will  guide  the  learner  to  the  best  forms 
of  words  : 

First.  The  up-stroke  should  be  used  when  the  follow- 
ing consonant  is  to  be  written  downward,  as  in  the  ex- 
amples above.  (24.) 

Second.  When  r  is  the  initial  letter  of  a  word,  and  is 
followed  by  the  s-circle,  w-hook,  (see  Lessons  IV  and 
VIII, )  k,  g,  f,  I,  or  another  r,  the  up-stroke  is  employed ; 

as  /<r~"~  r°S>  <^/  r<?/>  <*ff  r°l>  ^f~^^  rsr-  But  if  a 
vowel  precede  r  as  the  first  consonant,  the  down-stroke  is 

employed;  as,  ~"X_  qrk,^  tfrif,  ^/Y^~  urli,  ~V^  crur. 

Third.  Whenever  preceded  by  v,  t,  or  m,  the  upward 
r  is  employed ;  as  ^s/  ver,  /T\/  mir. 

Fourth.  Whenever  followed  by  n  or  r),  the  up-stroke 
is  employed;  as  /^  rsmi,  ^^ ' roy. 

Fifth.    When  r  is  the  final  stroke  consonant  in  a  word, 

and  followed  by  a  vowel,  the  up-stroke  is  to  be  used,  as  in 

the   words  *\s^  beri,    _:   J  kari :    but  if    no   vowel 

follow,   the    down-stroke    is   employed;    as    \^   puir, 

" 


40 


MANUAL    0V    rHONOGRAFHT. 


Sixth.  When  one  r  follows  another,  except  at  the  be- 
ginning of  a  word  when  preceded  by  a  vowel  (as  in  erur,) 
they  are  both  written  upward;  as  ^^  rariti,  _js^ 
Tcariur. 

Seventh.  When  followed  by  m,  the  down-stroke  is  al- 
ways used  ;  as  "~V-J  ruim,  ^1  $qrm. 


READING   EXERCISE  V. 


WRITING  EXERCISE  V. 

Repel,  retjr,  red  em,  redi,  ratifj,  revjl,  ravej,  pqrti,  periud, 
derjd,  arjv,  araiij,  nrj,  urd ;  raj,  rak,  riketi.  Boro,  feri,  jvori, 
Oeori,  kari,  memori,  rotari,  6uroli,  mer,  demur,  admjr.  Ran- 
clum,  ragk,  reanimat,  adorig.  Borour,  borur,  bariur,  infe- 
riur,  narour,  kurinr,  mirur,  dernr,  Jerur,  karer.  Rem,  rjm, 
remedi,  remuiv,  ruiminat,  lq,rk,  reform. 


26.  L  and  /may  be  written  upward  or  downward  with- 
out any  change  of  form  ;  and  in  vocalizing,  or  reading, 
the  direction  in  which  they  were  made,  as  in  the  case  of  the 
up-stroke  r,  will  be  known  by  their  connection  with  other 
consonant  signs ;  as  O  toy,  f\  lev,  <^  fop,  J  fel. 


MANUAL   OF    PHONOGRAPHY.  41 

27.  The  following  rules  will  guide,  as  near  as  possible, 
to  the  most  approved  use  of  I. 

First.  When  I  is  the  initial  letter  of  a  word,  and  fol- 
lowed by  Jc,  g,  or  wi,  the  up-stroke  I  is  employed  ;  as  /\, 
lik,  (.  leg,  (."^  lim.  But  if  a  vowel  precede,  the 
down-  stroke  is  used,  as  ,(^_  alik,  "(^  helm.  When 
other  consonants  follow  Ik,  lg,  Im,  the  /  may  be  written 
either  upward  or  downward. 

Second.  Immediately  before  or  after  n  and  77,  the  down- 
stroke  is  employed  ;  as  ^f  waZ,  (^  —  liyk.  If  a  down- 
stroke  letter  is  to  follow  I  after  n,  the  up-stroke  I  must  be 
employed  ;  as  ^j^/'  analoji,  ^J/"  |  anihilat. 

Third.  When  I  is  the  final  stroke  consonant  in  a  word, 
and  is  preceded  by  /,  v,  or  upward  r,  it  is  written  down- 
ward ;  as  s.  fel,  -<^K.  revil,  ^^  riul,  ^^f  moral. 
But  if  a  vowel  follows,  the  up-strok«  is  used;  as 


Fourth.  After  »  and  77,  a  final  Z  is  always  written 
downward,  even  though  followed  by  a  vowel,  as  Cxi  lonli, 

~^f'  kiyli. 

Fifth.  Final  I,  following  all  other  consonants  but  ft  v, 
up-stroke  r,  n  and  77,  is  written  upward,  whether  a  vowel 
follows  or  not  ;  as  ^\/^  psL  _  f  ktul,  s^f~  mal. 

28.     Z  is  usually  written  downward  ;  before  /,  however, 
and  after  /  and  v,  it  is  always  written  upward  ;  as 
felf, 


NOTE.  —  Many  of  the  foregoing  rules  in  regard  to  writing  r  and  I 
upward  or  downward,  are  designed  to  secure  consonant  outlines 
tliat  will  be  more  legible,  when  not  vocalized,  than  if  written  dif- 
ferently: Thus,  when  either  up-stroke  r  or  I  is  used  at  the  com- 
mencement of  a  word,  we  know  it  does  not  commence  with  a  vowel; 
if  up-stroke  r  terminate  a  word,  we  know  a  vowel  follows  ;  and 
the  same  if  up-stroke  I  after/,  v  and  upward  r  terminate  a  word  ; 
and  hence  the  chances  of  misreading  the  word  are  lessened. 

The  observance  of  the  other  rules  will  produce  uniformity  of 
writing,  and  thus  ensure  greater  fluency  in  reading. 
4 


MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 
READING   EXERCISE   VI. 


WRITING    EXERCISE    VI. 

Lek,  log,  lorn,  legasi;  alkali,  elmanak.  Lq,nq,  larjk, 
Ieg6ili,  linsi,  lunq,  felig;  amil,  onli,  kanal;  analitik,  lonjeviti, 
enlqrj;  fjl,  fuil,  vjl,  unfalig,  revel,  iinval.  Rel,  real,  relm,  oral, 
karul,  barel,  peril.  Felo,  fuli,  vali,  rali,  reali,  realiti  ;  onli, 
menli,  feligli,  luvigli ;  Jili,  Jel,  Jalo ;  daj,  navij,  efijensi,  de- 
fijensi ;  [down-stroke  /,]  relij,  fuilij,  publij,  polij,  abolij, 
raJU 


WORD-SIGNS. 


29.  By  a  word-sign  is  meant  the  use  of  a  single  char- 
acter of  the  alphabet  to  represent  an  entire  word.  This 
scheme  is  resorted  to  that  the  penman  may  attain  greater 
speed  in  writing  ;  and  those  words  are  chosen  thus  to  be 


MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 


43 


represented,  which  occur  the  most  frequently  in  com- 
position ;  twenty-five  of  them  actually  constituting  one- 
fourth  of  any  given  chapter  or  discourse,  and  one  hundred 
of  them  amounting  to  almost  half.  The  signs  are  so 
chosen  as  to  suggest,  generally,  the  words  they  represent. 
They  should  be  memorized  by  copying  the  table  once  or 
twice. 

30.  TABLE  OF  VOWEL  WORD-SIGNS. 

•  the  x     all  '    already  f  or 

.    a  \   two  |     oh,  owe  /   who 

N    of  "on 

•  an,  and      N    to  (    but  /    should 

DIPHTHONGS,  v    1,  A    how. 

The  first  line  of  signs,  since  they  are  first-place  vowels, 
are  to  be  written  at  the  height  of  a  stroke  above  the 
line  of  writing ;  those  in  the  second  line,  consisting  of 
second  and  third -pi  ace  signs,  are  to  be  written  on  the  line. 
The  second-place  vowels  are  thus  brought  down  because 
three  places  cannot  be  distinguished  without  a  consonant 
stroke  ;  but  no  confusion  arises  from  it,  since,  when  the 
second-place  sign  is  thus  transferred,  the  third-place  sign 
is  not  used  as  a  word-sign,  and  when  the  third  is  used  the 
second  is  not.  The  third  and  fourth  lines  of  the  table 
have  the  same  relation  to  each  other  as  the  first  and  se- 
cond. 

31.  The  is  a  word-sign  that  often  follows  immediately 
after  most  of  the  others,  and  in  order  to  avoid  lifting 
the  pen  to  write  each  separately,  it  is  joined  to  the  pre- 
ceding sign  in  the  shape  of  a  light  tick ;  thus,  >  of  the, 
•1  on  the,  >  to  the. 


MANUAL   OF   PHONOGRAPHY, 
READING  EXERCISE    VII. 


*  —  >  '* 


j-":  *>       9H      V      I          -V     TV 

I    -  £        X  ..I      •  P—  s     ^      | 


WRITING    EXERCISE  VII. 

Eariti  tarieO  log  ;  lajdeO  mucj  rog  ;  qeriJcO  no  il ;  apereO 
bolli  luvli  amug  us.  <le  urO  and  de  ar.  £1  livli  and  hapi, 
but  gidi,  bor.  4  o  nuOig.  3e  bet  ov  de  fjr.  Go  tu  de  dor. 
He  ma  rjt  el  de  tjm.  La  it  on  de  Jelf.  Go  tu  mj  Jop  and 
rig  de  bel.  Ct  Jadi  porq  and  kuilig  Jsur.  Ma  bqrmoni  log 
abjd  in  -sr  Qurq.  FuiliJ  bff  !  'J  b^  dar  he  lavij  mi  muni  on  so 
vijus  a  polisi  j  01  bui  no  de  rjt  Jud  dui  it. 


REVIEW. — (21.)  What  are  the  letters  that  may  be  written  either  upward  or 
downward?  (22.)  Explain  the  up-stroke  r  as  compared  with  5.  (24.)  Where 
are  the  first  and  third-place  vowels  put  to  the  up-stroke  r  ?  (25.)  Give  the  1st 
rule  for  writing  r;  the  2d,  ditto;  3d;  4th;  5th;  6th;  7th.  (26.)  How  is  it 
determined  when  the  strokes /",  r,  I  are  written  upward  ?  (27.)  Give  the  1st 
rule  for  writing  I ;  the  2nd ;  3rd ;  4th ;  5th  ?  (28.)  Under  what  circumstance 
is  /  always  written  upward?  What  is  the  object  of  these  rules  ?  (29.)  What 
is  a  word-sign?  (30.)  Give  and  describe  the  flrst-plaee  long  vowel  word-signs ; 
the  third-place  ;  the  first-place  short ;  the  third-place ;  the  diphthongs.  (31  ) 
What  is  the  license  taken  with  the  1 


MANUAL  OF    PHONOORAPHY, 


LESSON    IV. 

THE    CIRCLB    3   AND    Z—COM,    CON,    ING,    AND   MP  — 
CONSONANT    WORr-SIGXS 

The  fact  that  s  and  z  represent  sounds  of  very  frequent 
recurrence,  renders  it  necessary,  in  order  to  secure  the 
greatest  brevity  and  beauty  in  writing,  that  they  be  fur- 
nished with  an  additional  sign.  Indeed,  each  subsequent 
chapter  of  these  lessons  is  but  to  introduce  some  more 
abbreviated  method  of  writing ;  which,  while  it  seems  to 
render  the  system  more  complex,  adds  to  it  new  beauty 
as  well  as  value. 

32.  The  second  forms  for  s   and  z  are,  a  small  cir- 
cle, made  light  for  the  first,  and  thickened  on  one  side 
for  the  latter;    thus,  o  *,  o  z;    the   thickening  of    the  s 
circle,  however,  is  scarcely  ever  necessary,  as  the  sense 
will  nearly  always  indicate  whether  the  circle  should  be 
s  or  z.     Where  great  precision  is  requisite,  the  stroke  z 
should  be  used. 

33.  The  circle  is  used  much  more  frequently  than  the 
stroke  s ;  it  is  employed,  however,  only  in  connection  with 
stroke  consonants,  except  as  a  word-sign.     The  table  on 
the  following  page  will  assist  the  learner  in  fixing  in  his 
mind  the  peculiar  connection   the  circle   has  with  each 
long  sign  ;  it  will  also  be  of  great  service  for  reference,  in 
writing  out  the  exercises  in  the  lesson,  if  he  finds  any  dif- 
ficulty in  remembering  on  which  side   of  any  stroke  the 
circle  should  be  written. 


46  MANUAL   OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 

THE    CIRCLE   S  AND    Z. 

\  sb  P    sd  /°    sj  o sg 

\sf        r   sO         ^  ss        9  sj 
\JBV        ^  sd         °)  sz    _^  55 

0-^  sm        Q_^  sn        Q.^  sg  ^  stc         ^  sk 

34.  The  stroke  y  never  takes  an  initial  circle,  be- 
cause not  needed;   it  is   used  on  its   termination,  how- 
ever.    The  table  presents  the  circle  written  only  at  the 
initial  end  of  the  strokes,  whereas  it  may  be  written  at 
either  end,  according  as  it  is  desired  to  read  before  or  after 

the  stroke;  thus,  \o  ps,  o  ks,  ~^    ws,  (^    hs  ;  and 

it  may  also,  of  course,  be   written  between  two  strokes  , 
thus,  ~  °   kst,  ^^fsn. 

35.  The  learner  must  observe  the  following  rules  in 
writing  the  circle: 

First.  On  all  the  straight  vertical  and  inclined  strokes, 
it  is  written  on  the  right-hand  side,  both  beginning  and 
end. 

Second.  On  the  straight  horizontal  signs,  which  include 
the  up-stroke  r,  since  it  is  nearer  horizontal  than  vertical, 
it  is  written  on  the  upper  side. 

Third.  It  is  written  on  the  inner  or  concave  side  of  all 
the  curved  signs.  Compare  the  foregoing  with  the  table. 

Fourth.  When  it  comes  between  two  consonants  it  is 
turned  in  the  shortest  way ;  thus,  J —  tsk,  <C-  gsn, 


36.     In  vocalizing  words  in  which  the  circle  *  is  used, 
the  vowel-signs  are  to   be  placed  to  the  strokes  before 


MANUAL   OF    PHONOGRAPHY.  47 

•which  or  after  which  they  read,  without  any  reference  to 
the  circle.  As  rules  to  assist  the  learner,  the  following 
observations  are  sufficiently  explicit  : 

First.  If  there  be  an  initial  circle,  iti3  always  read  first, 
and  then  the  vowel  that  precedes  the  stroke,  and  lastly 
the  stroke  itself,  as  *P  set,  ~p  set. 

Second.  If  there  be  no  vowel  preceding  the  stroke, 
the  circle,  stroke,  and  following  vowel  are  read  in  the  or- 
der named  ;  as  ^  «p/,  j-  sto,  o_/"  skat. 

Third.  When  the  circle  terminates  a  word,  it  is  always 

the  last  to  be  read;  as,  fctiis,  _  o  goz,  (r~n  luks,  T*  ssmz, 

j&  enjvz,  ^>4  supoz  ;  when  written  between  two  strokes, 

the  proper  place  for  vowels  can  always  be  found  ;  as  will 

be  seen  in  examining  (      lesun,  "^ 


READING    EXERCISE   VIII. 


t  \  f  r-  T  y°  s  *-  .<L  ,c 


^  <c/a  ^n-  ^ 


43  MANUAL   Off    PHONOGRAPHY. 

WRITING  EXERCISE  VIII. 

Sip,  srap,  sap,  sop,  set,  sjd,  set,  set,  sej,  suq,  sek,  sok,  sav, 
aid,  SU0,  sez,  saj,  sur,  ssr,  sel,  sol,  sam,  sum,  sjn,  sum,  sig,  sugk. 
Spj,  sta,  skj,  sla,  slo,  slj,  sno.  Pes,  daz,  qez,  jerz,  gas,  fez, 
vjsez.  <Iis,  doz,  Juiz,  raz,  rjs,  -srz,  las,  mis,  njs. 

Spek,  spok,  skem,  sfer,  slep,  slak,  smok,  smel,  snal,  sigk 
Besto,  beset,  task,  itself,  spas,  spesifj,  skjz,  siksO.  agkjus,  sedi- 

fus,  risk,  resit,  rezun,  deniz,  solles,  holmes,  cjozen,  masun, 
izioloji. 


37.  There  are  four  cases  where  the  long  s  or  z  must  al- 
ways be  employed  •.  First,  when  it  is  the  only  stroke  con- 
sonant in  a  word  ;  as,  •)  as,  ')  ez,  )-  so.  Second,,  when 

it  is  the  first  consonant  and  preceded  by  a  vowel ;  as  .} 

ask,  ^-^.  esJeap.  Third,  when  two  distinct  vowel  sounds 
come  between  the  s  and  following  consonant;  as  in  the 
word  l^y  siens.  Fourth,  when  *  or  z  is  the  last  conso- 
nant.in  a  word  and  followed  by  a  vowel ;  as  _/  /  also, 
polzi.  Fifth,  when  z  commences  a  word ;  as 
eel,  )^  Zjun. 

38  When  the  sound  of  «  or  z  is  heard  twice  in  the  same 
syllable,  either  of  two  forms  may  be  used,  ss,  ^  or  °)  ss; 
if  the  last  sound  is  that  of  2  the  circle  should  be  made 
first  and  the  stroke  be  written  heavy ;  thus,  v^)  s^z. 

39.  When  the  indistinct  vowel  i  or  e  comes  between 
ss  or  an  s  and  a  s,  or  between  zz,  in  the  middle  or  at 
the  end  of  a  word,  the  syllable  is  represented  by  a 
circle  double  the  usual  size ;  thus,  \o  pesez,  Q_  qiuzez, 
Xo  sufjsez,  ^Q?  nesesari.  It  should  never  begin  a  word, 
as  in  sistem.  In  the  word  eksurs}z,  it  is  allowable  to  put 
the  vowel  i  in  the  double  circle,  thus, 


MANUAL   OF    PHONOGRAPHY.  49 

40.  The  circle  is  used  as  a  word-sign  for  iz,  written 
above  the  line,  thus,  °  ;  and  for  as,  written  on  the  line, 
thus,  o  ;  with  the  dot  aspirate  prefixed  they  become 
'°  his,  -o  has. 


READING  EXERCISE    IX. 


K> 


WRITING   EXERCISE  IX. 

(37.)  Hsa,  jsi,  aslep,  csp-szal,  asjnz,  sjunz  ;  bizi,  spjsi,  lazi, 
hersa,  ckselcnsi,  obstinasi  epilepsi,  sufijensi ;  Zooloji,  zer<D, 
zelusli,  zigzag. 

(38.)  Ses,  sez,  sez,  sizurz,  sizm. 

(39.)  Basis,  dosez,  quitez,  kisez,  diskusez,  vjsez,  -snsez, 
propozez.  relesez,  egzist,  pozesur. 


THE  PREFIXES  COM  AND  CON— THE  AFFIX  ING—MP. 

41.  For  the  sake  of  rendering  Phonography  as  brief  as 
possible,  a  few  arbitrary   signs  are  used,  for  the  represen- 
tation of  prefixes   and  syllables  in  such  words  as  would  be 
inconvenient  to  write  out  in  full.     Thus,  a  light  dot  placed 
at  the  beginning  of  a  word  expresses  the  prefix  com  or 
con;  thus,  [.-^   kondem,  ^""  konsol ;  and  at  the   end,  the 
termination  iy,  when  a  separate  syllable  ;  as,  •)  adiy,  £\^ 
liviy. 

42.  It  is  more  convenient,  however,  after  the  s-circle 
preceded  by  p.  b,  f,  v,  k,  g,  n,  or  up-stroke  r,  to  write  the 
alphabetic  y;  as  \Q^  pasiy,   \^       korifesiy, 

5 


50  MANUAL   OF    P1IOKOGRAPHT. 

and  after   b,  bt,  br,  t,   ?/i ;  as    "^O-    nuiiy,  '^  ^-'  ssmly. 
Generally  ^-P  is  written  for  iyz ;  as  \^  bslijz,  /fcg 
rejvsiyz.     A  large  dot  may  be  used  when  more   conven- 
ient; as    I    dv.dyz,  <^\  /teditjz. 

43.  The  stroke  for  m  is  the  only  one  that  is  not  given 
in  the  alphabet  heavy  as  well  as  light ;  and  in  order  to 
make  good  use  of  all  the  means  the  alphabet  affords,  this 
stroke  written  heavy  is»made  to  represent  the  not  unfre- 
quent  combination  of  in  with/*,  either  at  the  beginning, 
middle,  or  end  of  a  word  ;  thus,  O/  enipjr,  ^^x^  tempo- 
rari,  / — x  v*  lamp. 

WRITING    EXERCISE     X. 

(41-2.)  Kompar,  kompjl,  kompozig,  kombat,  kontaminat, 
kontenjus,  konvinsig,  konva,  konspjr,  konspirasi,  konsolatori, 
konsuljip,  konsurvatizm,  konsjuir),  konjusnes. 

(43.)  Pump,  tempel,  temporal,  damp,  jumpig,  rump,  Oump, 
eimplifj,  simplisiti,  egzampcl,  rornp,  limp. 


44.                               CONSONANT    WORD-SIGNS. 

\  up                  !    it                /  which 

j  kingdom 

\  be                |    do             /  advantage 

j  give-n 
(  together 

(^   for      {    think       )    so     J  shall 

^  have  (     them      )    was  J  usual-ly 

C  will         ~^\  are        f  your 

"^  way 

(  me           j  importance-t            (  in 
v    \  may     "    (  improve-ment  ^"^  \  no 

J   thing 
|  language 

In  the  above,  and  all  other  lists  of  word-signs,  when 
a  word  i<  printed  With  a  hyphen,  as  givc-n,  the  sign  will 
represent  either  the  whole  word,  or  only  so  much  as  pre- 


MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY.  51 

cedes  the  hyphen,  which  -is,  by  itself,  another  word  ;  thus 
—  is  either  give  or  given.  Such  words  being  nearly  alike 
in  sound,  and  yet  different  parts  of  speech,  or  otherwise 
incapable  of  being  taken  one  for  the  other,  cause  no  diffi- 
culty to  the  reader.  Inasmuch  as  the  horizontal  strokes 
do  not  fill  the  space  which  a  line  of  writing  occupies,  they 
are  made  to  represent  two  words,  as  in  the  case  of  the 
vowel  word-signs,  one  above  the  line  and  the  other  on  the 
line  ;  these  words  and  their  respective  positions  are  indi- 
cated in  the  table,  by  being  placed  one  above  the  other,  in 
braces,  aftei  the  signs. 


READING    EXERCISE    X. 


•       o 


y-—        > 

fa 


52  MANUAL   OF    PHONOGRAPHIC 


WRITING    EXERCISE    XL 

$  Ijk  no  kigdum  az  j  dru  a  rcpublik.  ^Dui  da  0igk  da  wil 
kum  up  on  de  Sinsinati  mal-bot?  fl  felig  ov  e  Jud  fil  dj  sol 
in  dis  holi  \ITSS.  Asperiti  Irazez  de  qef  ov  its  dezjnz. — 
Hiz  lazines  iz  eksesiv;  he  diyliks  hiz  buks.  Hiz  fansi  iz 
yuigvyili  riq,  and  hiz  dezjnz  ful  ov  Ijf.  IHaz  dis  juj  no  justis? 
Oncsti  iz  rjt  polisi.  01  eskap  tu  de  siti  iz  hoples.  SXud  de 
nam  be  put  on  de'stsjd  and  on  de  top  ov  deboks?  'ill's  mcni 
q,r  tu  go.  It  iz  tui  mug  tia  divjd  amug  dem.  Lisen  tu  de 
lesnn,  and  be  bizi,  az  a  ber  Jud  be,  hm  aspjrz  tia  be  at  de  hcd 
ov  de  sk'uil.  Sinser  soro  iz  ezili  sen  besjd  fols.  Sojal  Ijf  givz 
mug  hapines.  Ask  nofasiliti  in  biznes  afarz,unles  it  be  nesesari. 
Sunset  senuri  Joz  riq  kulurz  and  hansum  Jadz;  and  it  qanjez 
intu  meni  varid  formz.  Riqez  qr  sot  bj  sum,  az  de  cjef  hap- 
ines in  dis  Ijf,  becez  reali  nesesari,  az  da  supoz. 


MANUAL    OF    PIIONOGttAPHT.  53 

REVIEW.— (32.)  What  arc  the  sscond  forms  for  s  and  z?  (33.)  How  is  the 
circle  employed  !  (34.)  Where  may  it  be  written  V  (35.)  On  what  side  of  tho 
vertical  and  inclined  strokes  is  it  turned?  Which  side  of  the  straight  horizon 
tals?  Which  side  of  all  the  curves  V  How  is  it  written  between  two  strokes? 
(36.)  How  are  two  strokes  having  an  s-circle  vocalized?  If  there  bo  an  initial 
circle  and  preceding  vowel,  what  is  the  order  of  reading  ?  If  vowels  both  pre- 
cede and  follow,  what  is  the  order?  (37.)  How  many  cases  are  there  where 
the  strokes  must  be  used?  What  ia  tiie  1st;  2nd;  3rd;  and  4th?  (38.)  How 
should  the  ss  in  the  same  syllable  be  written?  How  sz?  (39.)  What  sylla- 
bles does  the  double  circle  represent  ?  What  is  the  exception?  (40.)  Desig- 
nate the  word-signs  of  the  circle.  (41.)  What- are  the  prefixes?  The  affixes  1 
(42.)  When  is  it  more  convenient  to  write  the  alphabetic  y  1  (43.)  What  is  the 
signification  of  m  made  heavy  ?  (44.)  Give  the  words  for  the  first  eight  conso- 
nant signs;  for  the  next  eight;  fot  the  next  four;  for  the  last  four. 


MANUAL    OK    PHONOGRAPHY. 


LESSON    V. 


IMPROPER     DIPHTHONGS—  IT-HOOK  -TRIPTHONGS. 


JF-SERIES. 


long. 
:i                       c 

|  we 

short, 
wi 

1 

D 

ong.            e, 
wo 

lort. 
wo 

Tr 

L 

ipthongs 

!  wa         c 

we 

» 

wo           J 

wu 

1 

Wff 

j  wa 

wa 

3 

wui         .s 

wu 

-, 

w* 

45.  The  improper  diphthortys  are  so  termed  because  they 
consist  of  the  union  of  consonants  with  vowels  ;  namely, 
to  and  y  with  each  of  the  twelve  vowels  ;  the  improper 
tripthongs  are  the  union  of  w  with  the  diphthongs  i,  v, 
and  y.     The  fact  that  w  and  y  never  occur  in  English 
except  before  vowels,  and  thus  occur  so  frequently,  in- 
duced the  inventor   of    Phonography  to  represent   the 
combined  sounds  by  a  single  letter,  and  thus  save  time 
and  space  for  the  writer. 

46.  To  obtain  suitable  characters  for  the  representa- 
tion of  the  70-series  a  small  circle  is  divided  perpendicular- 
ly, thus  <j>  ,  the  first  or  left-hand  half  of  the  circle  repre- 
senting the  union  of  w  with  the  first,  or  dot  series  of  vowels; 
and  like  them  it  is  made  heavy  for  the  long  sounds  ;   as 
CNX  wep,  */    waj,   __/-£  kicqw  ;  and  light  for  the  short ; 
as  /^  ung,  j^"  dwel,       c  wag. 


MANCJAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY.  65 

47  The  second  half  of  the  circle  represents  the  union 
of  w  with  the  second,  or  dash  series  of  vowels,  heavy  and 
light;  as,  ,-%  worm,  J^jcov,  ^_  wmf,  /  woo,  ^Y^ 
wurm,  -J  wud. 

48.  The  first-place  sign  of  the  second  series  of  diph- 
thongs, both  long  and  short,  when  followed  by  k,  up-stroke 
r,  and  n,  is  written  in  connection  with  such  consonants  ; 
thus,  5 wuJc,-^^ tcor,^ — --  won. 

49.  These  signs  should  be  written  as  small  as  they 
well  can  be  and  preserve  distinct  semi-circles  ;  and,  like 
the  proper  diphthongs,  they  must  always  be  written  verti- 
cally, and  not  change  with    the  different  inclinations  of 
the  consonants. 

READING   EXERCISE  XI. 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XII. 


Wek,  wat,  wav,  weknes,  bewal,  swar.  aswaj,  wajez  ;  widO, 
wet,  waft,  wiked,  swel,  kwak,  ekwiti,  akwies,  reliijkwij. 
Wekur,  wok,  \vuid,  wermli,  kwota,  k\vorum  ;  woq,  wud,  woj'- 
;g,  skwolid,  swomp.  Werljk,  werfar,  werti,  wekigstik. 


56  MANUAL   OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 

60.  THE  JF-HooK.— The  half  circle,  light,  is  joined 
to  the  first  end  of  I,  up-stroke  r,  m  and  «,  to  represent  the 
simple  sound  of  w ;  the  stroke  to  which  it  is  -written  is  then 
vocalized  as  in  the  case  of  the  s-circle ;  thus,  If  wal, 
if  tcuri,  c~  "/'  wumanli,  <^s  wan. 

51.  The  alphabetic  sign  must  always  be  employed  when 
w  is  the  only  consonant  in  a  word,  (except  in  the  word-sign 

we ;)  and  in  words  that  commence  with  a  vowel,  fol- 
lowed by  w,  and  also  when  w  is  followed  by  s;  thus, 
awak,  ~^tf~~  Wesli. 


READING    EXERCISE    XII. 


WRITING    EXERCISE  XIII. 

Walig,  wel,  wiligli,  Wilsun,  kwel,  ekwali;  Woles,  \vuli ; 
weri,  bewar,  warh-ss,  werisum  ;  kworel,  wurk,  wurkmanjip, 
wurjip,  wur61es,  wurdili.  Wemz,  wompum,  wiamanljk, 
skwemijnes ;  windo,  kwenq,  twenti,  twinj,  entwjn.  Wir, 
kwcri,  inkwjr,  wel-beig,  skwolur,  elokwens,  ekwanimiti. 
"Wui,  awar,  wjzli. 


52.  TBIPTHONGS. — The  characters  with  which  to  repre- 
sent the  combination  of  w  with  the  diphthongs,  are  obtained 
by  dividing  a  small  square  thus,  "X  ;  the  first  right-angle 


MANUAL   OF    PHONOGRAPHY.  57 

representing  the  tripthong  w'i,  the  second,  ws,  and  the  se- 
cond put  to  the  first  place,  wo  ;  thus,  Ll, wjf,  ^~]  kwvt. 

Since  the  introduction  of  the  -w-hook  to  r,  I,  m,  n,  the  ws 
character  is  not  needed.  Sometimes  L-  may  be  connected 
with  the  following  consonant  ;  as  Lj  w'ld,  \  wjf. 

53.  By  placing  the  aspirate  before  these  improper  diph- 
thongs and  tripthongs,  we  get  the  proper  representation  of 
the  first  two  sounds  in  such  words  as  wheat,  whig,  while, 
(the  w  coming  before  the  h  in  the  old  orthography  being 
an  inversion  of  the  order  of  the  elements  in  speaking  the 
words ;)  thus,  'c|  hwet,  —  Jiwig. 

54.  When  the  w-hook.is  used,  the  aspirate  is  indicated 
by  making  the  hook  heavy  ;  thus,  .(^ hwsl,  c/\L^  hwar- 
for.    But  when  the  alphabetic  w  is  employed,  the  aspirate 
is  indicated  by  a  small  tick,  thus,   ^    hwiz. 


READING   EXERCISE    XIII. 

L\  \r  V*  I"  x  "I  *- 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XIV. 

Wjvz,  kwjet,  wjdnes,  kwjetnes,  kwert,  Irikwer. 

Hwip,  hwjt,  hwiguri;  hwarbj,  hwarwid,  hwarat,  hwurlpral, 
enihwar,  nob-war ;  hwelbaro,  hwelrjt,  hwalur,  bwimzikaliti, 
hwelin  ;  hwens,  liwjn  ;  bwiskur  liwislur. 


58  MANUAL   OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 

5.     W  WORD-SIGNS. 

c    we  "    -with  '    what         ~   why       ^-^   when 

c  were        5    would     </  where       L    while     <^,  one 

'f  well 

These  word-signs,  like  the  simple  vowel-signs,  are 
to  be  written  above  or  on  the  line,  as  their  positions  in  the 
table  indicate. 


HEADING    EXERCISE   XIV. 


\    sf 

1  Ox  '- 


01         /I     /       <^-x     v  x. 

I  -  ^f  ?  / 

-t  ' 

b 


r  1r  ' 


MANUAL    OF    PHONOGIiAPI.Y,  59 

«       • 


X 

v  ^      J  — ^ — I"  "r"~7     V-  /"" 

<^S  /'  g»      o  "I     X    •        -/        V/x    (/ 

/>•      \ 

o    -\  i  ^LS> 

y 

» 
WRITING  EXERCISE  XV, 

Bewar  ov  de  wjn  kup.  fl  wjz  qere.  We  wud  be  hapi  wid 
hiz  kumpani.  1  Hwj  Jud  we  kil  and  et  swjn.  <\  Hwot  iz  hiz 
\vij,  and  hwar  wud  he  go.  Hwj,  q, !  hwj,  mj  sol,  dis  aggwij. 
$  go  awa  hwar  wo  and  agkjus  kar  dm  not  asal  eni  wun.  Wud 
j  wur  at  horn.  Wor  wurks  mizuri,  hwjl  pes  givz  kqm  repoz 
tu  el. 


60 


MAKUAL  OF  PHOKOG  KAPUT. 


THE  r-SKRIES. 


long. 


ya 


short. 


long. 
°l 

I  ye 

/>!   yo 


short, 
yo 

yu 


56.  To  obtain  characters  to  represent  the  y-series  of 
improper  diphthongs,  the  small  circle  is  taken  and  divided 
horizontally,  thus,  -^- ;  the  under  half  represents  the  dot 
group  of  vowels,  and  is  made  heavy  for  the  long  sounds  ; 
as,  w^\x  yer,  y"  Yal,   J)_  Yqzm  ;  and  light  for  the  short ; 
as,    )  yis,  (  a  common  but  not  approved  pronunciation  of 
yes,)    /^   yel,/~^yam;  the  upper  half  represents  the 
union  of  y  with  the  dash  group  of  vowels,  heavy  and  light; 

as>  ^  y°^  -2-  y°ki  J  y>its ;  ^  y°n>  ^^-yuy ;  y  never 

occurs  before  u  in  the  English  language. 

57.  In  writing,  the  same  rules  must  be  observed  in  re- 
gard to  these  signs  as  with  the  w-series.  (48) 

68.  WOKD  SIGNS. —  w  ye,   *  yet,  n  beyond,  n  yui. 


READING   EXERCISE  XV. 


MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 


61 


WRITING    EXERCISE   XVI. 

NOTE. — In  Phonography, '  it '  in  the  following  lessons  may  be  written  as  '  yra.' 
Yerli,  yen,  yerlig,  yeloij",  yelpig,yomanri,  Yokigani,  yurjij, 

NH,  York,  hijj,  s^t,  amn,z,  redi^s,  du^ti,  rei'v^z,  kontiimli,  anyuial. 
3e  yiut  ov  ~sr  koniyiuniti  Jud  eg  quiz  sum  far  egzampel, 

and  folc>  it   kontinyuiali.      Pij,r  simplisiti   givz  me  jer.     QLis 

Manyuial  Jud  be  yuir  gjd.     It  iz  a  wurk  ov  yuitiliti. 


READING    EXERCISE   XVI. 


^  \^      (  '  f  y\  L 

/  V_»r>\  T  X^U 


C- '  )'  \  -)  ,  -  ^-v 


62  MANUAL   OF    PHONOGRAPHY^. 

WRITING    EXERCISE   XVII. 

NH  York  iz  a  popyuilus  siti.  Yui  no  hui  j  am,  yst  j  am  at  a 
los  tu  spek  yuir  nam.  Hiimaiiiti  Jud  liv  in  pes  az  wun  kom- 
yumiti ;  da  Jud  dwel  tugedur  in  el  deurt  in  nqnnoui  andluv. 
If  yui  mak  falyurz  in  dijti,  yiu  wil  resev  de  laj  ov  justis.  3e 
miz-bo1  amnzez  himself  h\vjl  \vekig.  Ho  yes  !  ho  yes !  sez 
de  vug  bcl  rigur.  tie  yok  ov  de  oks  iz  hevi ;  it  golz  hiz  nek 
dis  "worm  da.  In  daz  ov  yor,  hwen  we  wer  vug. 

AYe  yuignali  giv  deni  at  -srz  for  slepin,  ten  for  wurk,  and 
siks  hwifj  da  ma  impruiv  in  eni  wa.  tie  bo-z  j  am  teqig  q.r 
dez|nu  ov  impruivmeiit ;  da  scm  tu  tigk  in  dis  wa — hwot  iz 
wart:  dmig  at  ol,  iz  \vnrfc  dmig  wel.  !<  hop  da  wil  ehvaz  liv 
up  tu  dis  maksim,  so  Jal  da  hav  sukses  in  Ijf.  .  Sun,  giv  me 
yuir  cr,  and  i  wil  tcq  yui  d&  wa  ov  l^f.  Leijt  ov  daz  iz  given 
us  for  sojal  and  rclijue  impruivment. 


KKVIEW. —  (45.)  Exi>laiu  the  improper  diphthongs;  the  tripthongs.  (4C.)  How 
are  the  former  represented?  Which  series  of  vowels,  combined  with  tc,  does 
the  left-hand  half  of  the  circle  represent?  (47.)  What  are  the  sounds  of  the 
right-hand  half  of  the  circle  ?  (48.)  To  what  consonants  may  the  signs  foi 
wo  and  ico  be  w-ritten  without  lifting  the  pen?  (50.)  To  what  strokes  docs  the 
tr  saiui-circ-le  coniiect  and  form  a  hook?  On  which  side  of  the  up-stroke  r  is  it 
•written?  How  does  it  differ  in  power  from  the  improper  diphthongs?  (51.) 
When  must  the  alphabetic  w  be  employed?  (52.)  Designate  the  representa- 
tion of  the  tripthongs.  (53.)  What  is  the  phonographic  representation  of  tch? 
(54.)  How  is  the  i— hook  aspirated  ?  (55.)  Designate  the  first  line  of  word- 
tigns;  the  second. 

(56.)  What  are  the  signs  to  represent  the  y-series?  Which  half  of  the  circle 
represents  the  dot  series?  What  are  their  sounds?  What  are  the  sounds  of 
the  upperhalf  ?  (57.)  How  are  they  to  be  written  to  the  consonants?  (58. 'i  Whsii 
are  the  word-signs? 


MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY.  63 


LESSON    VI. 

INITIAL  HOOKS  — THE    Z    HOOK  EXPLAINED. 

59.  A  peculiar  characteristic  of  7  and  r  is,  that   they 
readily  unite  with  preceding  consonants, — they  flow  back 
into  them,  as  it  were;  and  hence  their  classification  as 
liquids.     This  union,  though  a  kind  of  double  sound,  is 
formed  by  a  single  effort  of  the  voice.     Take,  for  illustra- 
tion, the  two  words  play  and  pray,  and  observe  how  sim- 
ultaneously the  pi  and  pr  are  spoken ;  so  in  the  termina- 
tion of  the  words  title  and  acre ;  in  the  former  class  of 
words  no  vowel  sound  comes  between  the  two  consonants, 
of  course  ;  in  the  latter  a  very  indistinct  one  is  heard,  but 
which  it  is  not  necessary  to  represent  in   Phonography. 

60.  For  the  purpose  of  farther  abbreviating  phonograph- 
ic writing,  this  combining  of  /  and  r  with  previous  conso- 
nants is  represented  by  hooks  written  to  those  consonants. 
As  the  long  consonants  are  heard  first  in  the  words,  consis- 
tency would  seem  to  require  that  they  be  written  first  and 
the  hooks  afterward  ;  but  the  reverse  of  this  is  the  case, 
for  the  reason  that  hooks  on  the  termination  of  the  strokes 
maybe  more  philosophically  and  advantageously  employed 
for  other  purposes  ;  and  besides,  the  pi,  pr,  bl,  br,  &c.t 
being  considered  single  sounds  almost,  the  stroke  and  the 
hook  may  be  regarded  in  the  same  light ;  they  should  ac- 
tually be  spoken  as  such  in  spelling  and  reading,  5.  e.,  as 
the  final  syllables  in  able,  (bl)  little,  (tl~]  paper,  (pr)  lover, 
(vr);  and  not  as  p,  I ;  k,  I]  p,  r;  b,  r. 


MANUAL   OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 

TABLE  OF  THE  Z-HOOK. 
Pl  f    tl  /   $  -—     kl 

bi         f  di       r  ji      c_  gl 

ti 

struck 


Gl.  The  hook  is  first  turned,  and  then  the  long  conso- 
nant struck  in  the  usual  manner.  The  Z-hook,  like  the 
s-circle,  is  made  on  the  right-hand  side  of  the  vertical 
and  inclined  straight  strokes,  on  the  upper  side  of  the 
straight  horizontals,  and  on  the  inside  of  the  curves. 

62.  This  hook  to  the  strokes  s,  z,  down-stroke  r  and  y 
is  not  needed,  since  for  si  and  zl,  the  circle  is  used  with 
more    advantage;  as,/;'     sla,  /-pjf  mu:el;  and  the  initial 
hook  to  I,  xip-stroke  r,  m  and  n,  is  more  useful  as  w. 

63.  The  /and  5  take  the  Z-hoak  only  when  they   are 
combined  with   other  stroke   consonants,  and  then    they 
are  struck  upward;   thus,  ^  ^/  esenfal,  ^^\J  ambro^al. 

64.  The  stroke  and  the  hook  being  considered  as  one 
sign,  are  vocalized  as  though  no  hook  were  used  ;  and  in 
writing,  if  a  vowel  precedes  a  hooked  stroke  it  is  written 
before  it;  thus,    X,    a^>  *^_m7;  and  if  the  vowel  fol- 
lows, it  must  be  placed  after  ;  thus,  \^  pla,  r  ^  Mas;  or 
a  vowel  may  be  written  both  before  and  after;  thus,  S\ 
ttbli,  vp  idlur,   J*         deklar,     -~c?    ^-^  eksklani. 

A  T—  \ 

(>5.  In  some  combinations  of  consonants  it  is  difficult 
to  make  a  good  Z-hook,  but  it  can  generally  be  understood, 
as  in  the  word^\  repli  ;  in  some  cases,  however,  it  is 
necessary  to  write  the  long  1;  as  in 


NOTE.  —  The  learner  must  remember  that  the  hook  I  is  to  be  used 
only  when  its  sound  follows  a  preceding  stroke  consonant;  hence 
Ip,  Id,  Ik,  8fC.,  must  be  written  with  the  stroke  I. 


MANUAL   OF    PHONOGRAPHY.  65 

BEADING   EXERCISE    XVII. 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XVIII. 

Pla,  bio,  gle,  flj,  ply,  aplj,  obljj,  aflikt,  bjbel,  tjtel,  kupel, 
plenti,  blazez,  klasez,  regal,  fikel,  reklam,  inflam,  remuival, 
fatal,  radikal,  klerikal.  bujel,  espejal,  mqrjal,  influzenjal. 

SPECIAL    SCHEME    OF    VOCALIZATION. 

66.  It  has  been  stated,  (59)  that  the   /-hook  is  de- 
signed to  be  used  when  no  vowel  comes  between  the  sound 
of  /  and  a  preceding  consonant,  or  when  the  vowel  is  but 
indistinctly  heard;  of  the  latter  class  are  the  following: 
<:\,..>  spelz,  '-—^  sgeh;  of  this  class   of    words,  however, 

it  is  held  by  some  that  there  is  no  vowel  sound  heard 
in  the  last  syllables.  But  it  is  found  very  convenient, 
occasionally,  to  take  a  little  license  with  the  rule,  and 
use  the  hook  even  where  a  vowel  sound  is  distinctly  heard 
between  it  and  the  stroke.  Thus,  in  writing  the  word 
falsehood,  it  is  much  easier  and  quicker  to  write  the  hook  I, 
thus,  ^P  than  thus,  C_/71  . 

67.  When  this  is  done,  a  peculiar  scheme  of  vocaliza- 
tion is  resorted  to  ;  namely,  the  dot  vowels  are  indicated 
by  a  small  circle  placed  in  the  three  positions,  before  the 
stroke  for  the  long,  and  after  for  the  short  vowels  ;    as 

(!~  ddifslv,    f"  til,  f^~~Z  legal;  when  the  dash  vowels  are  to 

be  read  between  the  stroke  and  the  hook,  it  is  indicated  by 
striking  the  dash  through  the  stroke  ;  as  CH~\  Tculpalel;  01 

6 


66  MAKTTAt    OF    PIIOKOGRAPHT. 

when  its  place  is  at  the  hooked  end  it  may  be  written  just 
before  the  hooked  stroke  ;  thus,  {/^  lolurabel;  the  diph- 
thongs, when  necessary,  are  written  as  the  stroke  vow- 
els; thus,  j*  gildif*  ^-^Ljhorfsfif. 

This  method  of  writing  is  used  to  a  very  limited  extent; 
and  the  learner  is  cautioned  against  using  it  for  any  words 
but  such  as  are  designated,  in  this  and  subsequent  les- 
sons, to  be  written  thus. 

READING   EXERCISE  XVIII. 


WRITING    EXERCISE   XIX. 

Felsiti,  fuilzkap,  felo-sitizenz,  fulnes,  fulminat,  vulgat, 
filosofikal,  voluptuous,  konvtilsiv,  kolonial,  galvanik,  kal'araiti, 
kolekt,  kaiki^lat, 


Z-IIOOK    PKECEUED    BY    THE    S-CIKCLE. 

68.  The  5-circle  is  prefixed  to  the  compound  consonant 
signs,  as  well  as  to  the  simple.     It  is  first  written,  and  the 
pen  carried  round  so  as  to  form  the  hook  before  making 
the  long  sign  ;  thus,    7^  supel,     ./   sa^elt     \^  siviliz. 

69.  No  new  rules  are  required  for  vocalizing  ;  it  needs 
only  to  be  borne  in  mind  when  the  long  «  is  to  be  used 
(37);  and  that  the  stroke  and  hook  are  considered  as  one 
sign,  and  if  the  vowel  is  heard  before  them  it  is  written 
before  them  ;  if  after,  it  is  written  afterward  ;  as  in  the 
previous  examples. 

»S«e  Lesson  X,  on  Half-length  Strokes. 


MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 


67 


70.  In    reading,    the  circle    is    read  first,  then  the 
vowel,  if  one  precede  the   compound  stroke  ;  and  lastly 
the  compound  consonant,  with  its  following  vowel  if  there 
be  one. 

71.  WORD-SIGNS.  c—  kel,   c difikulti,   ^  ful,  f1  til 

and  felt  ^_  vulym. 

READING    EXERCISE   XIX. 


*-i    ^  <  ^      V 

Tl   ^^y  x    \  \ 


^    v   ^ 
v. 


>'   \      A      /  x 


«  ?  '  V  '  '  ^  I  • 


I-  ' 


68  MANFAL   OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 


r*. 


»    «<\ 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XX. 


Setel,  sjdcl,  sutelti,  sikelz,  siviliti,  supelnes,  siviljzig, 
swivel,  spljsin,  pesful,  posibel,  splendid,  fezabcl,  advjzabel, 
displaig,  disklozez. 

SDELNES.  —  lEdelnes  iz  a  plag  tu  de  skolur,  for  miles  he 
apljz  himself  klosli  tia  hiz  buks,  he  luizez  ol  klam  tu  dc 
aploz  ov  hiz  famili  or  hiz  ofijal  siiperiur.  It  iz  Jamful;  for 
he  Jud  rckolckt  dat  hiz  famili  hav  a  rjt  tu  luk  for  sumtig 
yuisful  in  him  tu  repa  dem  for  tel  and  ag/jeti.  It  iz  unrc- 
zunabel;  fsr,  unles  hs  giv  up  hiz  evil  \va  and  dm  hiz  dij,li 
fatfuli,  no  blesig  awats  him,  but  he  iz  displezig  tu  hiz  klas- 
feloz,  tu  himself,  and  tu  ol  pepel.  Fjnali,  it  iz  oful;  for  jdel 
habits  qr  apt  tu  bekum  wurs,  and  de  evil  wun  "  olwaz  misqif 
seks  for  jdel  yxut  tu  dui."  But  de  skolur  hm  fatfuli  apljz 
himself  tu  \vurk,  \vil  obljj  him  hut  teqez  him,  and  plez  el 
pepel  hm.  no  him. 


REVIEW. — (39.)  Explain  the  peculiar  character  of  I  and  r.  (60.)  How  are 
strokes  with  /  and  r-liooks  to  lie  spoken?  (61.)  On  which  side  of  the  vertical 
and  inclined  straight  strokes  is  the  /-hook  written  ?  Which  side  of  the  straight 
horizontals  ?  Which  side  of  the  curves?  (62.)  To  which  of  the  strokes  is  the 
Z-hook  not  written,  and  why  t  (63.)  How  do/and  3  take  the  Miook  1  (64.)  How 
are  {-hook  strokes  vocalized'/  (C6.)  What  is  said  about  a  vowel  sound  between 
the  stroke  consonant  and  the  hook?  (67.)  How  are  vowels  of  the  dot  series 
represented  in  the  scheme  for  vocalizing  the  hook?  How  the  dash  series? 
How  the  dlpthongs  ?  (68.)  How  may  the  s-circle  be  written  to  the  initial  end 
of  the  hooked  strokes?  (70.)  What  is  the  rule  for  reading  such  compound 
strokes?  (71.)  What  are  the  Miook  word-signs? 


MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY.  69 


LESSON    VII. 

THE  £-HOOK  —  DOUBLE  CURVE  FOR  SS. 

72.  The  r-hook  is  written  on  the  left-hand  side  of  the 
vertical  and  inclined  straight  strokes,  and  on  the  underside 
of  the  straight  horizontals,  —  just  the  reverse  of  the  Z-hook. 
Some  of  the  curved  strokes  take  this  hook  irregularly. 


<\  pr  1    tr  /  y:  <_  kr 

*\  br  T    dr  /*  jr  <—  gr 

cAfr 

•^  vr 

f.-^  mr  (^/  nr 

73.  It  will  be  seen  from  the  table  that/,  v,  t  and  # 
take  the  r-hook  by  assuming  the  positions  of  r,  to,  s  and  z; 
thus,  ^  frs,  7^  ovur,  *)_  triu,  .  <c)  £t?«r,  which  they  can  do 
without  danger  of  ambiguity,  since  these  letters  never  re- 
ceive an  initial  hook:  rr  not  being  wanted,  wr  existing  in 
the  tii-hook  to  the  up-stroke  r,  and  the  sr  zr  being  supplied 
by  the  s-circle;  thus,  */,  ^    and  ^ 

74.  To  indicate  the  r-hook  on  m  and  n,  the  strokes  are 
made  heavy,  which  distinguishes  them  from  wm  icn;  thus, 
«=^"  onur,    r^  dinur,  <__  ^  gramur;  y  does  not  take   any 
hook,  and  hence  n  made  heavy  with  a  hook  will  not  make 
confusion. 

Sometimes  this  hook,  like  the  Z-hook,  has  to  be  made 
rather  indistinctly,  as  (I  _  degre.  \  _  x  askrib.  After  _} 
the  downward  r  is  used  instead  of  the  hook,  as  ,/L  ,  fakur. 


70  MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 

76.  The  remarks  in  regard  to  vocalizing  the  /-hook 
strokes  apply  in  every  particular  to  the  r-hook  strokes.  It 
should  especially  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  hooked  strokes 
are  regarded  as  one  letter,  and  spoken  as  the  last  syllables 
in  reaper,  letter,  acre,  &c.;  and  that  as  a  general  thing  the 
hook  is  only  used  when  no  distinct  vowel  sound  comes  be- 
tween another  consonant  and  a  following  r;  as  in  *\  /?ra, 
c~i  Jcnu,  —  I  utitr,  /^3<^  Ie3ur- 

76.  When  1  is  preceded  by  r  (we),  they  may  be 
united;  as  in  |  wetur,  and  all  its  compounds. 

READING    EXERCISE   XX. 


1       -     J      I      X- 


WRITING    EXERCISE  XXI. 

Drj,  tve,  dra,  krj,  gro,  akur,  odur,  npur,  aprjz,  ajml,  aprrav, 
drem,  brij,  frek,  frjda,  muivur,  klovur,  tro,  gadur,  plegur, 
eragur,  pluniur,  murdnr,  manur,  onurabel,  ovurluk  evuri- 
hwar,  Criminal,  purqesez,  transpoz,  trembel,  brudur,  jurni, 
jurnal,  framur,  Fransis,  wundurful.  6ckur,  jokur. 

77.  A  limited  license  is  taken  with  the  above  rule(75),  as 
ki  the  case  of  the  Z-hook,  and  the  r-hook  is  used  when  a  dis- 
tinct vowel  sound  does  come  between  it  and  the  previous 
consonant  ;  in  which  case  the  same  peculiar  scheme  of 
vocalization  is  employed;  thus,  d^Dsrsur,  0|  __  ciqrk, 
^^  piirsnn,  cH-0  Tears,  ^-<rt°  refaojrz,  *\^  postyur. 

n* 


MANUAL    Oi"    PHONOGRArHY.  7[ 

READING   EXERCISE  XXI. 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XXII. 

Gerful,  karles,  merli,  nerli,  Gqrlz,  qq,rkol,  paragruf,  Jqvk, 
Jqrpur,  terni,  purvurs,  korsli,  moraliti,  nert,  nurij,  enermiti, 
prelimiuari,  fetyur,  lektyur. 


THE  B-HOOK  PRECEDE!}  BY  THE  S-CIRCLE. 

78.  The  s-circle  precedes  the  r-liook  in  much  the  same 
manner  as  it  does  the  /-hook  ;  thus,  it  might  be  written  *\ 
spr,  G      tier;  but  since  the  s-circle  alone  never  occupies 
the  r-hook  side  of  the  straight  strokes,  advantage  is  taken  of 
the  circumstance,  since  a  circle  is  more  easily  written  than  a 
circle  and  a  hook,  to  write  simply  the  circle;  thus,    \*  stra, 
n — ^  skrsm.     '\   siaur,     \  .  si'kar,  /  srjur.     But  with  the 
curves  this  contraction  cannot  be  made,  since  the  simple 
s-circle  occupies  the  place  ;  hence  the  circle  and  hook  must 
both  be  written  ;  thus  /"\  sufur,  &^  s/tmttr,  ^ —  sinur. 

79.  When  the  s-circle  and  r-hook  come  between  two 
straight  consonants,  it  is  often  more  convenient  to  write 
the  hook  in  addition  to  the  circle  than  not ;  as  in  ^"s\ 
prospur,  ~^\  eJcstra. 

80.  The  same  rules  are  .to  be  observed  in  vocalizing 
and  reading  that  were  given  for  the  Miook  preceded  by 
the  -s  circle.  (68,  69.) 


MANUAL   OP    PHONOGRAPHY. 
READING    EXERCISE   XXII. 


WRITING    EXERCISE   XXIII. 

Sprj,  stra,  strjk,  strem,  skrap,  skrrapel,  skrjb,  stregt,  strugel 
stranj,  stroggur,  supiir,  sabur,  si^premasi,  sekresi,  sjfur,  suf- 
urig,  sevur,  simur,  suinur. 


THE    DOUBLE    CURVE     FOR     3X. 

81.  When  a  curved  stroke  is  repeated,  an  angle  is  made 
between  the  two ;  thus,  ^_  fft  ^-^-^  nn,  which  leaves 
at  liberty,  to  be  used  for  some  other  purpose,  the  douUe- 
lengtli  strokes.  A  somewhat  arbitrary,  though  convenient 
use,  is  made  of  them  thus  :  Doubling  the  length  of  a 
curved  stroke,  adds  the  syllable  tiur  to  the  single  strokes  ; 
thus,  \^_fcifiur,  '^-^anudur.  These  forms  are  used  chief- 
ly as  word-signs  foifq$ur,mu^ur)  ns&ur,  (above  the  line,) 
imufiur,  radur,  furctur. 

82.    .E-HOOK.    WORD-SIGNS. 

\  principle-al      ^  from  J)   sure 

\  re-member      ^  every  J   pleasure 

1   truth  ^  tliree  /-^    *Mr<  re"mark 

c—  care  there,  their         '    (more 


MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 

READING  EXERCISE    XXIII. 


73 


t 


'^v    rv^\ 

\      I-  $  a— 

.  —  <    *X  L_D 

f  -. 


\ 

W 


f 


'     X 


-1 


MABUAL    OF    PUUSOCKAPHT. 


)  .  j,  ' 


WRITING    EXERCISE     XX IV. 

SemusNES.  AND  SOBRIETI. — Nu'ig  nobol  iz  tu  be  had  but 
wid  seriusnes  and  sobrjeti.  £[  sobur  pnrsun  scks  tu  wa  dc 
trm  valyui  ov  tigz  and  tia  la  no  tresurx  in  trjfelz,  but  radiir 
on  hwot  iz  important.  Nutig,  pnhaps,  strjks  us  az  so  stranj 
and  fralij"  az  tu  obznrv  pepel  serins  abst  tqfelz,  and  trjflit} 
wid  serius  tigz.  Sosjeti  snfurz  konsidurabli  bj  de  trjflur,  bin 
bats  sobrjeti  and  seriusnes,  and  wud  suiunr  bav  foli  tia  ruil 
sqprem.  Supljd  wid  strez  tu  pla  wid,  be  sufurz  <te  strem  ov 
lif  tu  flo  awa,  until  det  puts  in  hiz  sikel,  and  separats  de  strip 
ov  Ijf.  NV  iz  no  t|m  fer  sukur  or  eskap.  He  stqks  wid 
stregt  and  unerig  am;  strips  bim  ov  el  biz  plez,  strraz  bix 
hops  intu  de  ar,  and  a  strugel  klozez  lii/  karer.  It  ia  bot 
untrai  and  stranj  tu  konstrui  seriusnes  intu  sadnes,  er  tu  kon- 
sidur  sobqeti  de  sam  az  unbapines  ;  fer  it  iz  skarsli  posibel  tu 
be  propurli  ga  or  truili  hapi,  unles  we  no  hwen  tu  be  sobur. 

REVIEW. — [T2]  On  which  side  of  the  straight  strokes  is  the  r-hook  written  ? 
[73.]  What  strokes  do  not  take  the  j-hook  ?  In  what  way  do,/',  r,  /,  if,  ta'.e  t!u* 
r-hook?  Why  this  irregularity  ?  (74.)  How  do  m  and  ,i  take  this  hook  ?  (15.) 
What  is  said  about  vocalizing!  (77.)  What  is  the  license  in  regard  to  the  use  of 


MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY.  75 

LESSON    VIII. 

TERMINAL    HOOKS. 

83.  Since  the  hooked  strokes,  although  representing 
two  elementary  sounds,  are  written  with  nearly  the  same 
facility  as  the  simple  strokes,  the  method  of  hooking  is 
applied  to  the  termination  of  the  consonant  signs  as  well 
as  to  the  beginning.  The  most  useful  purposes  which  the 
two  terminal  hooks  can  subserve,  are  to  represent  the  very 
frequent  sound  of  n  and  the  common  final  syllable  fun, 
heard  in  such  words  as  passion,  nation,  2>hysician,  &c. 

TABLE    OF    THE    A'-HOOK. 
\    P11 


J   tn 

i/  Qn 

Jdn 

c/  Jn 

Sj    tn 

Jsn     , 

s/JJfn 

(dn 

t)  zn 

J  3" 

vn  _  ..  „  _ 

s~>  s~ . 

^^  mn  v_?  nn  A  wn 


84.  On  the  straight  strokes  the  n-hook  is  written  on 
the  same  side  that  the  r-hook  occupies  ;  that  is,  on  the 
left  hand  side  of  the  vertical  and  inclined,  and  on  the  un- 
der side  of  the  horizontal  strokes,  embracing ,  of  course, 
the  up-stroke  ;• ;   while  on  the  curves  it  is  written  on  the 
inner   or  concave    side,  whether  to  the  left  or  right ;  as 
illustrated  in  the  preceding  table. 

85.  The   n-hook  might  be  written  on  all  the  strokes; 
but  on  the  y  it  would  seldom,  if  ever,  be  of  any  advantage. 
The  fc-hook  to  the  n  answers  every  purpose   that   an  n- 
hook  to  the  K  would ;  the  h  with  a  final  hook  would  not 
be  so  serviceable  as  the  dot  aspirate. 


76  MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 

86.  Of  the  two  forms  for///,///,  the  down-stroke/  and 
the  up-stroke  I  are  generally  used,  the  others  being  em- 
ployed only  in  connection  with  other   strokes   wh:n    the 
first  mentioned  would  be  unhandily  written. 

87.  The  w-hook  is  always  the  last  thing,  belonging  to 
a  stroke,  to  be  read;  thus,^   pan,  \^_,  fin,  (^    iiii,  (/    din, 
X\   run,  /^  lin.    If  no  distinct  vowel  sound  is  heard  be- 
tween the  stroke  and  the  hook,  no  vowel  sign  is  written; 
as.  ]j^  listen,    \J  of  an;  where  a  third-place  vowel  sound 
is  heard,  the    sign  must  be  placed  on   the    outside    of 
the  hook;   thus,  ,,—  -  man,     (,.   dan,  —^    wugnn;  thus  the 
vocalization  is  the  same  as  in  other  compound  strokes. 

88.  Strokes  having  an  initial   circle  or  hook,  of  any 
kind,  may  also  have  a  final  hook  or  circle  ;  as  \.  plan, 
j*  strait. 

89.  When  the  n  is  the  last  consonant  in  a  word,  fol- 
lowed by  a  vowel,  it  must  be  written  at  length  ;  as  ,^. 
muni,  £^  Gi>ia. 

READING  EXERCISE  XXIV. 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XXV. 

Pan,    pin,    bum,  ton,  dsn,    qan,  jern,   kan,   gon,  fjn,  van 
den,  Ji«,  ojan,  ran,  run,  Ion,  Ijn,  mjn,  mum,  uon,  nsn;  open, 
i^pen,  gq,rdeu,  Jaken,  ergan,  erfan,  enliven,  morn,  wernig,  felen, 
balum,  roman,  wuman.     Brsn,  dran,  rcstran,  pqrdun,  burden,  . 
refran,  regan,  enjen,  abstan. 


MANFAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY",  77 

THE   JT-HOOK    FOLLOWED     BY    S. 

90.  When  •?  follows  after  n,  without  an  intervening 
vowel,  the  circle  may  be  turned  on  the  hook,  as  in  the 
case  of  s  preceding  the  £-hook  and  /--hook  ;  thus,  \$fanz, 
\^s  f/»j,  -'""a  mam,  %  /"  mafinz,  /;$)  refran:.  With  the 
straight  strokes,  however,  it  is  unnecessary  to  make  both 
the  hook  and  circle,  since  the  circle  itself  embraces  the 
hook,  and  will  not  be  mistaken  for  s,  which  is  always 
written  on  the  other  side  of  the  stroke  ;  thus,  "^  p£m, 
\-  dittis,  0X  $anz,  ^-^/°  morns  ,\  _  begim. 

"91.  The  double  circle  for  nsez  is  conveniently  used  on 
the  straight  strokes,  for  such  words  as  \-teiisez,  ^  gansez, 
•  V'O  koitsikicensez  ;  but  as  a  double  circle  cannot  well  bf: 
formed  on  the  hook  attached  to  a  curve,  a  stroke  n  must 
be  used  in  such  words  as  \^r)  finalises  '^^9  evinsez. 


READING    EXERCISE    XXV. 


'%  j- 


•« 

WRITING  EXERCISE  XXVI. 


_  Panz,  benz,  penz,  tcnz,  qanz,  ganz,  mornz,  burnz,  orfanz 
vjnz,  Junz,  balans,  remanz,  Junnanz,  pron-sns;  komplanz,  ek.s- 
planz,  akerdans,  kwestyunz,  kristyanz,  enjenz,  inkljnz.  Prin- 
sez,  dansez,  kondensez,  glansez,  ekspensez,  konsekwensex, 
pronunsez,  advansez,  konjensez. 


78  MANUAL     OF     PHONOGRAPHY. 

92.    X-HOOK  WORD-SIGNS. 

^  upon                —3    can  (j  than 

\j   been                   Vo  phonography  /"*  alone 

J     done                  \^f     phonographer  ^— ^  men 

(/  generally        V^ phonographic  <^_?  opinion 

READING    EXERCISE  XXVI. 


•\     \^p  ^/?        D      o       n  • 

nT^'  (~  I  x 


-         5      ^  I       3      ^.       ^ 


\        ^ 

..i    \    A        A 
V 

"V'-f  "n/'X  r 


MANUAL   OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 


WRITING    EXERCISE   XXVII. 

KUUEJ. — Trui  kurej  haz  its  orijcn  in  vurti],.  Animal  fer- 
Icsnes  puts  on  de  scmblans  ov  kurej,  and  iz  ofen  taken  fer  it, 
bj  n  jn  «t  ov  ten  arnug  men  ;  but  de  falasi  ov  dis  opinyun  haz 
bin  j'on  bj  jenural  ekspericns,  for  pruulens  iz  ekwali  esenjal  tu 
it.  Tu  at  an  trui  kurej,  entur  upon  nutig  rajli,  egzamiu  AVC! 
h\vot  de  ijyui  iz  Ijkli  tu  be,  and  t'erm  yuir  opinyun  befor  yui 
begin,  ^li-g  kan  yen  den  fer,  if  yui  bav  gon  tu  •\vurk  upon  prin- 
sipel,  and  hav  dun  el  yui  kan  dvu;  or  Shwj  Jud  yui  fel  a  kon- 
surn  for  konsekwensez,  hwiq  hav  bin  elredi  wad  bj  yui.  In 
humbel  reljans  upon  de  asistans  ov  Heven,  go  openli  and  Avid 
konfidens  tu  finij  yuir  planz.  c[is  simpel  fat  alon,  de  relians 
ov  qildren  upon  a  Hevenli  Fqdur,  \vil  kari  yra  safli  trui.  Re- 
membur  dis  truit,  hyevur,  dar  iz  jenurali  mor  tvui  kurej  Jem 
bj  a  pasiv  rezistans  tu  de  skorn  and  snerz  ov  men,  dan  haz 
evur  bin  sen  in  eni  bodili  defens  hwotsoevur.  Trui  kurej  in 
bj  no  menz  savej  vjolens,  ner  a  fuil-hq,rdi  insensibiliti  tta 
danjur;  nor  a  hedstrog  rajnes  tu  run  sudenli  intu  it;  ner  a 
burnig  frenzi  broken  luis  from  de  guvurnig  p-sur  ov  rezun  ; 
but  it  iz  a  seren,  furm  deturminig — -de  kurej  ov  a  man,  but 
nevur  de  fersnes  ov  a  tjgur. 


REVIEW.— (83.)  What  are  final  hooks?  (84.)  On  which  side  of  tho 
straight  strokes  is  the  n-hook  written  ?  On  which  side  of  the  curves?  (85.) 
On  what  strokes  is  the  n-hook  not  written?  (86.)  Which  forms  oftlie 
In.  and  fii  are  generally  used?  (87.)  How  are  the  n-hook  strokes 
vocalized?  (89.)  In  what  case  must  the  stroke  n  be  employed?  (90.) 
How  is  the  circle  written  to  the  n-hook  on  the  curves  ?  How  on  the  straight 
strokes?  (91.)  What  is  the  double  circle  when  written  in  the  n-hook  place? 
(92.)  Designate  the  straight  stroke  word-signs ;  the  curved  strokes. 


80  MANUAL   OF   PHONOGQAPHT. 

LESSON   IX. 

J£.y-HOOK  — VOWEL  CONTRACTIONS  — DISSYLLABIC  DIPHTHONGS. 

93.  This  hook  is  entirely  arbitrary  ;  that  is,  it  is  not 
phonetic  at  all,  in  that  it  is  but  one  sign  used  to  represent 
three  sounds  ;  but  it  is  nevertheless  more  consistent  than 
the  old  method  of  writing,  for  it  always  represents  the 
same  sounds.  Of  course  the  means  exist  in  the  alphabet 
for  writing  out  the  syllable  in  full,  if  preferred. 

TABLE    OF    THE    2.Y-HOOK.. 

\>  P/n  b    t/n  /  qjn        _^  k/n 

\i  bjn  I     d/n  /,   j/n  -,  gfn 

V}  flu          (;   t/n  %  sfn      J  J-/n 

\j  vjn         (j  d/n  ^  z/n       (J  $$n 

^/r/n  ?C   IJn 
'O  mjn                vO  Dfn  <^  9/n  &?  h/n 


94.  On  the  straight  strokes,  the  /?*-hook  is  made  on 
the  opposite  side  from  the  n-hook ;  and  on  the  curves  it  is 
made  in  the  position  of  the  »-hook,  but  double  its  size,  as 
illustrated  above. 

95.  The  most   general  use  of  this  hook  is  at  the  ter- 
mination of  words;  as  'N^  opfun,  X/*  porfun.    If  a  vowel 
follow  the  stroke  on  which  the  hook  is  written,  it  is  read 
between  the  stroke  and  the  hook  ;   as   V^)  naym,    ^S7-* 
rela-fun,  .[/?  adorafun    \j  kofisiduraf/m.  m 

96.  The/M-hook  is  often  conveniently  used  in  the  mid- 
dle of  a  word  also ;  thus,  j  <^    dikfunari, 


MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY.  81 

97.  The  5-circIe  m?y  be  added  by  writing  it  distinctly 
oa  the  inside  of  these  hooks,  to  the  straight  strokes  as 
well  as  the  curves  ;    thus,  [0    kondifitnz,    l~"~^3     invaymz. 

98.  WORD-SIGNS. — "\zobjekf /in, \^  aubjckfun, 

READING    EXERCISE   XXVII. 
\ 

v 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XXVIII. 

Pojun,  stajun,  kompajun,  ambijun,  kondijun,  negajun, 
komycDiiikaJim,  dqra/an,  petijun,  iudikajun,  fugun,  inva3ufi, 
ilngun,  revoliijun,  konaolajun,  emojun,  admijun,  nafun,  am- 
yuinijun.  Prof^gun,  refermajun,  selekjun,  delegajun,  deprj- 
vafun,  Hipurvijnn,  kohegun. 

Petijunur,  eksekiijunur,  okajunal,  revolujunari.  Pajunz, 
sedijunz,  vigunz,  efiisunz,  mijunz,  nojunz,  administrajunz. 


99.  VOWEL  CONTRACTIONS. — The  vowels  being  so  simply 
and  easily  formed,  but  little  is  to  be  desired  in  the  way  of 
abbreviating  the  method  of  writing  them;  but  as  consider- 
able time  is  lost  by  lifting  the  pen  in  passing  from  one  to 
another,  it  is  no  small  advantage  to  write  two  vowel  sounds 


82  MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 

in  one  sign,  where  it  can  be  done  without  ambiguity. 
Such  a  contraction  is  quite  common  in  words  where  the 
short  vowel  i  immediately  precedes  another  of  the  simple 
vowels ;  as  in  the  words  varius,  efl",toi,i,  enunfiafuti,  rafio: 
becoming  nearly  like  vtiryns,  ejlmrya,  enunfyftfun,  rafi/o. 
This  coalition  of  vowels  so  nearly  produces  the  articula- 
tions ya,  yn,  yo,  yu,  that  the  signs  for  these  improper  diph- 
thongs are  used  in  such  cases  ;  thus,  (^^  varius,  J^}* 
asofiafun,  ^,-^r*  rafio. 

103.  DISSYLLABIC  DIPHTHONGS. — The  following  is  an 
additional  scale  of  diphthongs,  simply  formed,  and  some 
of  which  are  very  useful: — 

<  ei          <|ai          <J  q,i          >fei          >joi          >  uii;  as    in 

<  Mai,     »    snot,  \^  o'nj   |> stolkt  [>  Intl.     The  siyn 

for  oi  may  also  be  used  for  oe  in  a  few  words  that  would 
otherwise  be  inconveniently  written;  as  C—£OX  h/censoec- 
ur,  hioarsvevur,  loest,  Sj-c. 

101.  The  close  diphthong  heard  in  the  word  aye,  though 
differing  but  little  from  either  i  or  qi,  is  written  thus,  v 

READING    EXERCISE    XXVIII. 


'«   > »  '  -^     i 


MANUAL   OF    PHONOGRAPHY.  83 

/*,,*— 


'>  '  1; 


\ 

i 


*s7  ^  (.  ^ 


•UxX,  r ^  ;  r 


s      ^ 


WRITING  EXERCISE   XXIX. 


Envius,  eronius,  variajun  enunjiajun,  glorius,  serius,  pali- 
ajun,  aleviajun,  homiopati. 

Klai,  flei,  biloi,  stoikal,  loest,  gluii. 

Ambijun  iz  de  okagun  ov  sedijun,  konfugun,  and  desola- 
Jun,  and  arezez  evuri  evil  emojun  and  pajun. 

An  qa,  pikig  up  a  Ijunz  skin  h\vk»  had  bin  tron  awa,  put  it 
on;  and  runig  intu  de  wudz  and  pastyurz,  began  to  bra,  in  im- 
itajun  ov  de  Ijunz  ror,  hwiq  trui  de  floks  intu  teribcl  kcmfi^un. 
At  legt  de  onur  kam  alog  and  wud  hav  bin  struk  wid  ken- 
sturnafun  olso,  but  upon  hiz  lisnig  mor  klosli,  he  suin  se  de 
ihl^uu  in  de  vas,  and  se,  morovur,  de  qscz  erz  stikig  ^t.  Wid 
no  hezitajun  he  ran  up  tu  de  qs  and  wid  hiz  kujel  bet  him  se- 
verli,  saig :  "Yui  foil,  yui  hav  bin  de  okagun  ov  skarig  de  floks, 
but  i'l  hav  yui  tu  no  eldo  yoo  luk  Ijk  a  Ijun,  yet.  yui  bra  Ijk 
an  qs. 

Aplikafun. — Afektajun  wil  Juirli  ekspoz  a  raan  tu  derigun 
in  proporjun  tu  hiz  asumpjun. 

REVIEW. — (94.)  On  which  side  of  the  straight  strokes  is  the  _/«-hook  made  ? 
How  is  it  made  to  the  curves?  (95.)  How  is  the/n-hook  read?  (96.)  Give  new 
examples  of  the  two  situations  in  which  it  may  be  used.  (97.)  How  is  the 
«-circle  added  ?  (98.)  What  are  the  word  signs?  (99.)  Explain  the  vowel 
contractions.  (100.)  Th«  di-wllftbic  diphthongs.  (101.)  How  is  aye  written? 


84  MANUAL   OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 


LESSON    X  . 

HALF-LENGTH    STROKES. 

102.  In  consequence  of  the  frequent  recurrence  of  the 
sounds  t  and  d,  it  is  found  very  convenient  to  give  them 
another  and  more    contracted   representation  ;   it  is  also 
rendered  necessary  by  the  fact  that  one  frequently  follows 
the  other,  and  since  they   are   both    perpendicular  signs 
their  repetition  at  full  length  would  carry  the  writing  too 
far  below  the  line  for  convenience. 

103.  But  every  philosophical  means  has  already  been 
resorted  to  for  the  purpose  of  giving  to  Phonography  the 
ultimatum  of  brevity  ;  and  if  the  following   scheme  has 
only  the  semblance  of  philosophy  in  it,  it  will  be  as  much 
as  can  be  expected.     In  chemistry,  it  is  well  known,  the 
more   a  substance — a   poison,  or  steam,  for  instance — is 
concentrated,  the  greater  is  its  power :  so,  in  order  to  get 
a   repetition   of  the    consonants  t  and  d  without   writing 
them  at   kngth,  the  single  strokes    j    and    |  ,  by  being 
compressed  into  half  tlieir  length,  are  made  to  represent 
the  addition  of  a  t  and  d.     And  the  principle  is  extended, 
by  license,  to  the  other  consonants. 

104.  The  strokes  y,  y,  w,  h,  are  not  made   half-length 
for  the   addition  of  t  and  d. 

105.  To   illustrate    this   principle,    suppose   the    word 
faded  is  to  be  written :  there  are  three  consonants  in  it, 
all  downward  strokes,  which  would   carry  the  last  d  the 
length  of  two  strokes  below  the  line  ;  but  by  making  the 
first  d  half  its  usual  length,  another  d  is  supposed  to  be 
added,  and  the  word  is  thus  neatly   written:     I;     faded. 


MAM'AL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY.  85 

The    principle  is  further  illustrated   by   the  following 
words: 
[__  toJc,     Q  hkt;      A  rap,     /*  rapt;     A.  UP,     /^  livd. 

106.  A  vowel  before  a  half  length  consonant  is  read 
before  both  letters;    as     \  apt,  ')  est,  ~7\  qrt,  _^  akl;   but 
when  placed  after,  it  is  read  immediately  after  the  primary 
letter,  and  the  added  t  or  d  follows  it;  thus,  ~  koi,  ~^\    rot, 
\  spit,  1^  kontemt,    f*.    lilel. 

107.  As  a  general  thing  the  light  strokes,  when  halved, 
are  followed  by  the   light  sound,  t,  and  the  heavy  ones 
by  the  heavy  sound,    d;   thus,  (    tet,  ^>   gift,    „)  ymsd, 

-  fot.  This  is  always  the  case  where  no  vowel  inter- 
venes between  the  sound  of  the  stroke  and  the  t  or  d  ex- 
pressed by  the  halving,  as  in  the  above  words.  But 
under  other  circumstances  a  heavy  consonant  sound  often 
follows  a  light  one,  and  vice  versa ;  and  in  such  cases 
the  half-length  light  strokes  must  express  the  addition 
of  d ,  and  the  heavy  ones  that  of  t;  as  ^~^^'  melted,  %S^ 
pspeld,  /^V_A;  alfabtt. 

108.  Since,  however,  the  heavy  strokes  occupying  the 
places  of  r,  I,  in,  and  n,  are  not  made  half-length,  these 
four  letters,  when  followed  by  a  d,  are,  for  the  sake  of 
distinction,   made   heavy ;  as      /     g&rd,   y    °^>  ^\_ 
formd;  and  light   when  a  t  follows;  as  "^  qrt,  j^r  de/it, 
"S^    remit.     The  I  is  struck   upward  when  t  is  to  be 
added,  and  when  d,  downward,  since  in  this  direction  it  is 
more   easy  to  make  a  heavy  stroke. 

109.  A  stroke  beginning  or  ending  ^ith  the  s  circle,  or 
either  of  the  hooks,  or  both  hook  and  circle,  is  also  made 
half-length,  when  necessary  ;  thus,  ^*    sped,   \  swift,  T 
tret,  ^  Tcomplst,  *\  frat,  °\'strfit,  f  seteld;  **  bedz,  ^  mats, 
\  band,  \>  pafent,  <^.  plant,  rr?  grand;  the  order  of  read- 
ing being  the  same  as  in  the  full  length  strokes. 


86  MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 

110.  It  must  be  observed  that  when  the  circle  s  is  writ- 
ten to  a  half-length  consonant  it  must  be  read  after  the 
added  t  or  d;  because  the  s  is  added  to  the  consonant  after 
it  has  been  halved;    thus,     \.  pat,    \>  pals,  (not  past,) 
V-  f*t,'\ofats,  (not  fast.) 

111.  Half-  length  consonants,  unconnected  with  other 
strokes,  should  be  employed  only  for  words  containing  but 
one  vowel;  as  ^  trod,  ^ntf;   and  the  two  full  length  let- 
ters should  be  used  in  words  containing  two  or  more  vow- 

I  A  ^ 

els;  as     V»    avvd,  ^~  "]  ytunit. 

112.  The  past  tense  of  verbs  ending  like  \^  pqrt,  are 
more  conveniently  written  thus,  \y^  pqrted,  than  \/?| 

113.  There  are  a  few  words   in  which  t  and  d  occur 
three  times  in  succession,  which  make  it  necessary  to  sep- 
arate the  half-length  from  the  long  stroke;  thus,.)  ,  atitifd. 

I/"* 

114.  Since  the  half-lengths  occupy  only  a  portion  of  the 
usual  space3  they  follow  the  rules  given  to  the  horizontals, 
of  accented  vowel  positions,  above  or  on  the  line  according 
as  the  consonant  has   a  first  place,  or  a  second  or  third- 
place  vowel;  thus,  1  stret,  °^  spred,  ^-*  find,  \^A  fund. 

READING    EXERCISE  XXIX. 


V 

«s 


MANUAL   OF    PHONOGRAPHY.  87 

WRITING    EXERCISE    XXX. 

Fet,  fat,  Jet,  lat,  mat,  not,  spot,  skot,  savd,  selt,  snijt,  sent; 
pent,  bend,  kontend,  erdand,  enjemd,  kjnd,  refjnd,  legtend, 
land,  m^nd;  pants,  bandz,  pretendz,  kontents,  disk^nts;  frend, 
advent,  hqrdli,  survd,  konsvimd,  holdz,  heted,  habit,  hurld, 
perild,  uprj,t,  gqrded,  deljted,  upwurd,  purssvd,  qjld,  lektyurd. 


115.  Under  certain  circumstances  t  and  d  should  not  be 
represented  by  half-length  strokes:  First,  When  a  vowel 
follows  t  or  d  at  the  end  of  a  word;  thus  having  . — f~ gill, 
we  cannot  make  gilti  by  placing  i  after  the  half-length  /, 
for  it  would  then  re&Affilit;  hence  the  stroke  t  must  be  writ- 
ten in  order  to  give  a  place  after  it  for  the  vowel ;  thus 

. (  \  gilti.    Second,  In  many  words  of  one  syllable,  where 

if  the  vowels  were  omitted,  or  indistinct,  they  would  be  mis- 
taken for  the  vowel  word-signs  ;  thus,  ?S  bad,  instead  of 

\  ;  _}  put,  instead  of  V  Third.  When  the  half-stroke 
would  not  make  a  distinct  angle  with  the  preceding  or  fol- 
lowing stroke ,  as  *"  i  amend,  instead  of  ' ;  and  in 
some  other  cases  that  will  suggest  themselves  to  the  learner. 

116.      HALF-LENGTH    WORD-SIGNS. 

c     (  particular               ( cannot  (  Lord 

\  opportunity  ~°  \  account  *  \  word 

°\     spirit  _  (  God  ^  ( immediate-ly 

p     told  ~  £good  (made 

1      toward  e-    great  ^     might 

( gentlemen  ^,     after  ^j  ^  not 

"    ^gentleman  (      thought  ^nature 

^  quite  .    ( that  ^  went 

""  ^  could  ^     i  without  ^  ^  wont 

•=-      called  )     establish-ment  ^    under 

c~     according-ly  •?    short  </  world 


88  MANUAL    OF    PHOJs'OGKAPHT. 

READING    EXERCISE   XXX. 

v  V  Y'   %  V 

s~<    a.       v>       <\  ,  ^    ; 

iv        \     v         ^  X         • 

ks  5  v^x    -\      \    /  •  x^ 


'L 


•'  I  J 


\ 


)        I 


MANUAL    OF    PHONOGIIAPHY,  89 

WRITING  EXERCISE   XXXI. 
L6KENS  LQZI,  6R  LURNIW   FQNOGBAFI. 

Tu  lurn,  er  not  tu  lurn,  dat  iz  de  kwestyun: 

hwedur  'tiz  noblur  in  de  mind  tu  sufur 

dekompleks  kwibelz  ov  ambigyuius  Loghand; 

er  tu  opoz  wid  pen  and  vers  a  t^zand  erurz, 

and,  bj  opozin,  end  dem? — Tu  lurn, — tu  rjt, — 

and,  bj  FonograSi,  tu  sa  we  end 

de  felsitiz,  de  tszand  tedyus  ilz 

Loghand  prodnsez — 'tiz  a  konsumajun 

devstli  tu  be  wijt.     Tu  rjt; — tu  lurn; — 

tu  lurn!  but  deu  tu  wurk  ; — qi,  dqrz  de  rub* 

for,  tu  akwjr  dis  qrt,  hwot  terl  ma  kum 

ar  j  kan  Jufel  of  mj  habits  old, 

Jud  giv  me  pez:  dai"z  de  respekt 

dat  maks  Grtografi  ov  so  log  \if', 

for  S  hui  wud  bar  de  inq,murabel  ilz  ov  Loghand, 

its  bqvbarus  legb,  its  ambigniti, 

its  qild-tormentig  difikultiz,  and 

its  wont  ov  ruil,  tuigedur  wid  de  terl 

hwiq  pajent  skqbz  pv  suq  a  sistem  hav, 

hwen  he  himself  mjt  hiz  relesment  mak 

wid  a  Duzen  Lesunz.     Illva  yet  wud  ymz 

dis  bqrbarus  relik  ov  sr  bjgon  daz, 

but  dat  de  dred  ov  sumtig  tu  be  lurnt, — 

(dat  wek  unmanli  ez,  from  buiz  embras 

no  lazi  man  kan  got,) — puzelz  de  wil, 

and  males  him  radur  bar  e'n  felsitiz, 

dan  lurn  de  trait  he  yet  noz  nutig  ov. 

flus  indolens  tra  eft  retqrdz  de  mjnd; 

and  dus  de  progres  ov  a  ytusful  qrt 

iz  qekt,  but  not  prevented;  for  detjm 

wil  kum  hweu  dis  sam  bref  Fonografi 

Jal  trjumf  OT  its  fjnal  oponent. 

I'EVIEW. — (102.)  What  is  the  necessity  fora  second  mode  of  represeuting  ' 
e;id  rf  ?  (1C3.)  \Vbat  is  tlieir  second  ropreseutation?  Explain  the  philosophy  of 
halving  a  consonant.  (104.)  "What  strokes  are  not  written  half-length?  (107.; 
What  is  the  general  rule  for  knowing  whether  a  t  or  a  d  is  added?  In  what 
case  does  this  rule  never  fail?  (108.)  Whathalf-lengthlight  strokes  are  mado 
heavy  for  the  addition  of  d  f  In  what  direction  are  the  half-lengths  I  and  r 
struck,  for  tlio  addition  of  d?  for  the  addition  of  t?  (109.)  May  strokes  hav- 
ing initial  and  terminal  circles  and  hooks  be  halved?  (110.)  When  the  circle;.- 
is  written  to  a  half-length  sign,  is  it  read  before  or  after  the  added  t  or  d  ? 
(111.)  Should  a  half-length  letter  alone  be  used  with  two  vowels?  (113.)  How 
are  words  written  in  which  t  and  d  occur  three  times  in  succession?  (114.) 
"What  is  the  ruls  for  the  position  of  half-length  strokes?  (115.)  Wli;;t  is  the  first 
fiisj  in  which  a  stroke  should  not  be  halved  for  a  following  t  or  </?  I'll  a 
Etui?  the  3rd?  <,11G.)  Give  the  first  column  of  word-signs;  the  2nd;  the  3rd. 


90  MANTAV    OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 


LESSON    XI. 


SPECIAL  CONSONANT  CONTRACTIONS. 

117.  The  s-circle,  initial  and  final  hooks,  and  half- 
leugth  stems,  are  contracted  modes  of  writing  that  admit 
of  general  application,  and  of  perfect  vocalization.  But 
as  Phonography  studies  the  greatest  degree  of  abbrevia- 
tion, consistent  with  legibility,  a  few  combinations  of  con- 
sonants, and  some  syllables  of  frequent  occurrence,  are 
provided  with  special  forms  of  contraction,  some  of  which 
only  are  capable  of  vocalization.  Of  these  there  are  the 
frequent  at,  in  the  past  participle  of  verbs  ending  in  s,  in 
the  superlative  of  adjectives,  and  in  many  other  words,  as 
pressed,  wisest,  slake ;  the  sir  in  the  comparative  of  ad- 
jectives, &c.,  as  faster,  sister;  the  initial  insfr,  of  instruc- 
tion. &c.,  and  the  final  s-slm  of  some  nouns,  as  position', 
all  of  which  it  would  often  be  inconvenient  to  write  in  the 
usual  manner.  There  are  also  prefixes,  derived  from  the 
Latin,  of  frequent  occurrence,  but  of  inconvenient  length, 
as  accom-plish,  incou-siderate,  recom-pense,  enter-prise, 
clrcum-cenL  The  method  of  writing  these  contractions 
constitutes  the  last  lesson  proper  of  the  system,  and  is  one 
that  should  receive  special  attention,  in  order  that  the 
somewhat  arbitrary  mode  of  writing  shall  not  be  forgotten. 

There  is  a  kind  of  principle  manifested,  however,  in 
most  of  the  contraction?,  which  renders  it  almost  impossi- 
ble for  them  to  escape  the  memory,  if  they  be  once  thor- 
oughly mastered  and  have  been  transfixed  by  the  magical 
influence  of  practice. 


MANUAL   OF    PHONOGRAPHY.  91 

THE  LOOPS    ST    AND  STS. 

1 1 8.  The  plan  of  writing  si  in  some  shorter  way  than 
by  the  circle  s  and  stroke  t,  was   devised   chiefly  for  the 
purpose  of  still  farther  obviating  the  difficulty  of  words 
running  too  far  below  the   line.     By   simply  lengthening 
the    s-circle    to  one-third  the   length  of   the    stroke  on 
which  it  occurs,  the  sound  of  t   is  aded;  thus,    >o  bas, 

\>  lastf^^^^nyvs,  -<-'"0A  rrjn-at ;  \g  vast,  <i\>prcst. 
In  other  words,  a  loop  written  one-third  the  length  of 
the  consonant  to  which  it  is  attached,  represents  the  com- 
bined sounds  of  s  and  t,  with  no  vowel  between  them;  and 
by  license  it  may  aiso  signify  zd,  as  in  <^=>  Jelozd. 

119.  The  s  or  z  may  be   added  for  plurals,  &c.,  by 
striking  the  loop  through  the  long  sign  and  forming  the 
circle  on  the  opposite  side  ;  as    s^  bests,  ^g^gests^g  nests. 

120.  This  loop  may  also  be  written  initially;  as  in  the 
words    '\    s'op,   -f     stat,    \__   staf,    VQ     stjl,  '^^   stem. 
And  it  may  be  used  between  two  strokes,  only  when  writ- 
ten to  /,  d,  (j,j;  as  kv    testifi,  ^VT~7  disthjgwif,  fc/  justifi. 

121.  When  this  loop  is  written  in  the  position  of  the 
r-hook,  like  the  -s-circle  it  takes  the  additional  power  of  r; 
thus,   ^\    sttnpnr    c    ~   stifcur;  and  when  turned  in  the 
n-hook  position,  it  assumes  the  power  of  that  hook  ;  as 

J-    koi/dei/sf,  __^  .igenst. 

122.  Half-length  strokes  also  admit  of  the  sMoop,  to 
a  limited  extent ;  as    '      midst,  ^J).  student. 

123.  When  a  word  begins  with  a  vowel,  followed  by 
at  or  zd,  the  half-length  stroke,  and  not  the  loop,  must  be 
used;  as  "}.^  histuri,    t->  wizdum,    2-^  sistem. 

124.  By  extending  the  loop  to  two  thirds  the  length 
of  the   stroke,  r  is  added ;  as  in  the  words    c  x  Wcbstur, 

$  sistur,  ^  mastur.    This  loop  should  not  be  used  initially 


92  MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 

It  may  be  turned  on  the  w-hook  side  of  the  stroke  to  ex- 
press nstr;  as  X  punstur,  and  the  circle  s  may  bo  used 
as  with  the  &l  loop ;  thus,  «^  festurz,  "^>.  musturz. 
125.  WORD  SIGN. — The  *Moop  is  used  as  a  word- sign 
for  first,  written  on  the  line  and  inclined  to  the  right, 
thus,  $ 


READING    EXERCISE    XXXI. 


\ 


r        -^  /•  x  -\  \  -r  1 


\ 


WRITING   EXERCISE   XXXII. 


Past,  host,  dust,  tast,  qest,  kost,  gust,  fest,  safest,  rosfc,  arest, 
avszd,  rust,  lest,  last,  mist,  most,  amu,zd,  fjnest,  deivsust;  stuip, 
stedfast,  stagnant,  stif,  stov,  ster,  stil,  stem;  stopur,  stajur,  sta^- 
ur;  distigktli,  justifikajun;  bests,  basts,  kasts,  rezists,  infests, 
masts;  stilt,  sturd,  stord,  stamt;  kondenst,  agenst.  Bostur, 
blustur,  fastur,  blistur,  sistur,  impostur  ;  punstur,  spinstur/.. 
Stated,  advanst,  suprest,  pretekst,  prodq,st. 


MANUAL   OF    PHONOGRAPHY.  93 

READING  EXERCISE  XXXII. 


\_s, 


/ 


X 


•  ^ 


\ 

/      . 


x 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XXXIII. 
LUV.—  Polok. 

Hal,  holi  luv!  Q.-8  wurd  dat  sumz  el  blis, 
givst  and  resevst  el  blis,  fulest  hwen  most 
(k$  givst!  sprig  -heel  of  el  sr  hapines, 
depest  hwen  most  iz  dren!  emblem  ov  God! 
ovfloig  most  hwen  gratest  numburz  drigk; 
ontirli  blest,  bekoz  fe  sekst  no  mor, 
hopst  not,  ner  ferst,  btit  on  de  prezent  livst, 
and  holdst  purfekjun  smjlig  in  djn  qrmz. 
Dizurnur  ov  de  rjpest  graps  ov  jer, 
j"?  gadtiret  and  selektet  wid  hur  hand 


94  MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPH?. 

el  finest  relijez,  ol  farcst  sjts, 

el  rarest  odurz,  ol  divjnest  ssndz, 

el  lets,  ol  feligz  derest  tu  de  sol, 

and  brigz  de  holi  mikstytir  horn,  and  filz 

dehqrt  wid  el  sxipurlativz  ov  blis. 


ANOMALOUS  Ar  AND  £N. 

126.  When  the  sounds  spr,  sir,  and  &kr  follow  n  in  such 
words  as  inspirafun,  instruct,  inskr'ib,  it  is  impossible,  "with 
the  use  heretofore  made  of  n,  to  write  the  circle  sr  to  the 
strokes  p,  t,  k,  without  making  it  on  the  back  of  the  n, 
thus,     ~^\    which  is  difficult  to  do,  and  unseemly  when 
done.    To  obviate  this  difficulty  the  stroke  -----  is  permitted, 
in  these  cases,  to  be  struck  backward  or  vertically,  as  the 
nature  of  the  case  may  require  ;  but,  as  there  is  never 
occasion  for  any  vowel  but  the  first-place  /,  the  stroke  for 
the  n  need  not  be  written  full  length;  indeed,  it  may  be  re- 
garded as  the  n  hook  used  initially;  thus,  cjj_.)  instrukfun , 

f**\  -x 

\  insiipuralel,  ?     \^  inskrlpfun. 

127.  In  a  considerable  class  of  words  the  syllable////! 
follows  after  the  sound  of  5  or  z,  as  pozifun,  dssi^un,  &c., 
which  would  require  that  the  strokes  for  these  sounds, 
with  the  fun  hook   appended,  be  employed;  but  such 
would  be  inconvenient  forms,  and  hence  it  is  allowable  to 
use  the  circle  and  turn  a  hook  for  fun  on  the  opposite  side 
of  the  stroke ;  thus,   J*  design,  ;^  si/pozifun;  the  same 
license  is  allowed  for  the  loops  st  and  sir,  thus,  ^jv^ 
molestafun,  '|^  ilustrsfun.     This  hook  is  used  in  rome 
such  words  as  ^pc  purswa^un;  and   it  may   al  20  be  used 
when  followed  by  the  termination  al;  as,    p?  pozifunal. 

128.  If  it  be  required  to  write  the  syllable/«.>/,  after  »s, 
the  circle  for  the  latter  combination  may  be  employed,  and 


MANC7AL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY.  95 

the  hook  turned  on  the  opposite  side  ;  thus,  ^^  compensa- 
fun.    The  plural  may  be  formed,  in  all  these  cases,  by  add- 
ing the  circle  to  the  y?z-hook  ;  thus,    ^  sypurstifunz,  ,j 
kondenssLfunz. 

READING    EXERCISE  XXXIII. 


•       "TV      dK          > 


WRITING   EXERCISE  XXXIV. 
• 

Insijpurabli,  instrukt,  instruirasnt,  instrramcutaliti,  Inskrjbd, 
inskruitabel  ;  pozijun,  desigun,  kezajtin,  sivilizajun,  miizijan  ; 
rnanifestafun,  inkrustajuu,  kondensajun,  dispensajun  ;  sup-» 
tozijunz,  akiizajunz,  ilustrajunz,  sensajunz, 

Studi  kondensajun  in  yuir  stjl  ov  kompozijun,  for  do  it  ma 
kost  yui  sum  trubel  at  furst,  yet  it  wil  asist  yui  tu  mastur 
purspikn,iti  and  presi^un,  on  de  akwizijun  ov  bwiq,  qast  and 
ptfurful  rjtig  iz  bast.  Prorated  bj  a  dezjrfer  de  akwizijun  ov 
\velt,  man  stemz  de  stermz  ov  de  ojan,  landz  on  evuri  kost,  in 
spit  ov  de  gratest  danjurz  ar^zig  from  kljmet  or  de  hand  ov 
unsiviljzd  man.  Relijun  foloz  in  de  wak  ov  komurs,  kontcnd-^ 
in  agenst  its  evilz  ;  and  dus,  hwjl  savej  najunz  q,r  blest  \vid  ds 
l^t  ov  sivilizajun,  da  qr  put  in  pozejun  ov  de  wurd  ov  inspiiv 
ujun,  and  tet  (le  egust  trmdz  ov  de  gospel  dispensajun. 


96  MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 

KEVJEW.— (117.)  What  arc  the  sp.ji-i.il  ronsonant  contractions?  (11.?.)  How 
are  st  and  sd  written  1  (119.)  How  may  the  circle  he  added?  (l-JO.)  In  v 
nations  may  the  loop  be  written?  (121.)  When  written  in  the  plao-a  of  tlrj 
r-hook  what  power  docs  it  give  the  stroke?  What,  when  wiiif-n  iii  tir  ,.-!i,,<>k 
(ICi!.)  How  should  the  words  wi>W  aiKl  x'uileat  be  v/rilton'  (123.)  In 
what  case  is  the  loop  not  to  be  used?  (124.)  Hew  is.i.V  wrHt-'n?  What  effect 
ilojs  it  have  on  this  loop  to  place  it  on  the  «-ho<»\  s.Jo?  If  the  sound  of  x 
follow,  how  is  it  wrtten?  (125).  Wh;it  is  the  word-sign  in  this  lesson?  (1£C.) 
\\  lum  is  it  necessary  to  i^e  Hie  anomalous  mode  of  wrrtlhg  n  1  How  is  it  writ- 
ten? (127.)  Under  "what  circumstance  is  the  anomftlous /><  employoil?  Huu 
i .  H  written?  (128.)  Suppose  it  bo  required  to  write/.;  nftcr  «.<,  how  is  H  Jone? 
if  »  follow  the//i,  how  may  it  be  written? 


MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY,  9"* 


LESSON    XII. 

PREFIXES  AND  OTHER  CONTRACTIONS. 

129.  PREFIXES.  —  The   following  are  some   additional 
prefixes  and  affixes  that  are  found  convenient  and  sug- 
gestive with  the  advanced  phonographer.     They  should 
be  written  near  the  word,  but  not  joined. 
Akom  is   expressed  by  a  heavy  dot,  placed  before  the  in- 

itial end  of  the  following  consonant  ;  thus,   \^;  akum- 

jpani,    \^  ako'inplis. 
Swkum,  by  a  small  circle  placed  in  the  first  vowel  posi- 

ition   of  the  next  consonant;  as,     ^f    surkiimstans, 

v~~\  surkumskr'ib. 
Dekom,  by  |    as,  I   F>  dt-kompozifun. 
Dlskom,  diskon,  by  ^    as,  \>o^'  diskonsurled. 
Iitkom,  inkon,  by  ^~x  written  above  the  other  part  of  the 

word  ;  as,  v^»  inkomplet,    '°L>r  inkon  sistent. 
Intur,  iutro,  by  ^  in    any   position  near  the  following 

letter;  as,  "\j:  inturvy,  ~~~\^-,  introdukfun.     By  some 

kind  of  license,  the  frequent  word  inturest,  is  allowed 

to  be  written  thus:    "  j    the  prefix  int/ir  being  united 

with  the  stroke  st. 

Irrekon,  by  ^\  as,  ~^\v^>  irrekonsfiabel. 
Magnu,  magni,  by  s~~^  written  above  the  after  part  of  the 

word  ;  as,    :^-*Tb  magnanimus,      ^_  magnif}. 
Rekog,  by  /  as,  /'$—  ^  rekogn'iz. 
Rekom,  rekon,   by  /^      as,  /£,  rekomend,  -^v  >S  rekon- 


Self,  by  a  circle  at  the  middle  place  of  the  next  consonant  ; 
as,     °/  sel/if. 
9 


98  MANUAL   OF    PHONOGRAPHT. 

Unkom,   unkon,    by  x  __    written    on  the  line;    as    ^^ 
unkomun,  -^X,  unkondifunal. 

It  is  allowable  to  represent  a  prefix  which  is  similar  in 
sound  to  one  of  the  foregoing,  by  one  of  the  signs  there 
furnished;  thus,  ^  may  represent  entur,  as  well  as  irttitr; 
and^-^  may  represent  enkum,  inkum,  as  well  as  inkom,  inkon. 

130.  AFFIXES.  —  The  following  affixes  are  written  near 
the  preceding  part  of  the  word  :  — 

Bilili,  by  \    as,    y\    durabiliti,  "^^  probabiliti. 

L;,  by  £*  written  after  the  word;   thus,  \^f  pafentli, 

ffkonstantli.     But  where  it  can  be  written  on  with- 

out lifting  the  pen,  it  is  better  to  do  so  ;  thus,  ^?- 

abund  nntli. 
Ment,  by  <r>  as,  -^    ttonment,  fa  Contentment.     But  H 

may  often  be  written  without  disconnecting  it  from 

the  body  of  the  word. 
Self,  by  a  circle,  as,          miself.     Sehz,  by  making  the 

circle  double  size  ;  as,  (o  tfemsehz,  fo     ywrsehz. 
y  ^  as,  "[V  lerdfip. 

131.  A  word-sign  may  be  used  as  a  prefix  or  an  affix  ; 
as,  ^   advantajus,     it.  heraflur. 


I 


READING  EXERCISE  XXXIV. 
C          oo  —  v       II- 

A  L 


PJ      ) 


<\   .U\ 


MANUAL   OF    PHONOGRAPHY.  99 

r  v  .  -L  .  ' 


.     .  x-s    c  J-  s 


v 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XXXV. 

Akomplij'ment,  akomodajun,  surkumfleks,  surkuranavigat, 
dekompoz,  diskontinyuid,  inkorapatibel,  inkonsolabel,  intur- 
tipjun,  introdn,s,  magnifisent,  rekognijun,  rekonsiliajun,  self- 
ajurans,  unkompromjzig,  posibiliti,  konsekwentli,  himself, 
hersmanjip,  darfor,  displegur. 

Lurn  tui  akoraodat  yuirself  tu  surkurastansez.  Surkum- 
stanjal  evidens  Jiad  bs  kojusli  enturtand  agenst  hqinan  IJf. 
Be  surkuraspekt  in  ol  ymr  \vaz.  It  iz  unkonfermabel  tu  truit 
tu  sa  dat  kompajun,  frendjip,  &s.,  <\r  at  botura  onli  selfijnes 
in  disgjz;  bekoz  it  iz  we  srselvz  hui  fel  plcgur  er  pan  in  de  gud 
or  evil  ov  udurz;  for  de  menig  ov  self-luv  iz,  not  dat  itiz  j.dat 
luvz,  but  dat  i  luv  miself. 

If  de  urt  be  surkumskrjbd  at  ds  ekwatur,  we  obtan  its  grat- 
est  surkumfurens,  hwiq  iz  ab«t  24,780  mjlz;  a  magnittid  hwiq 
WB  kan  not  turm  inkonsevabel,  eldo  we  ma  not  enturtan  a  veri 
distigkt  jdea  ov  it,  muq  mor  wud  de  savcj  be  unkonjus  ov  de 
fakt  and  unkonvinst,  in  epjt  ov  ymr  endevurz  tu  pruiv  it. 
Per  unlea  tanjibel  pruif  akumpani  de  astir  Jun,  ym  kan  not 
akoraplij  yuir  am,  and  sue;  pruif  iz  unkontrovurtibli  imposibel. 


100  MANUAL   OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 

131.  NOMINAL  CONSONANT. — It  is  sometimes  necessary 
to  express  one  or  more  vowels  or  diphthongs  without  a  con- 
sonant.    In  this  case  'f   \  \s ,  may  be  employed  as  out- 
lines having  no  specific  values,  to  which  the.  vowels  may 
be  placed  ;  thus,  ^  for  Edward  or  Edmund   'j    A  for  Al- 
fred, %"  Eah,  an  Irish  family  surname,  &c.     The  stroke- 
vowels  may  be  struck  through  the  nominal  consonant,  as 
T  O  for  Oliver,  -\-  U.     Proper  names  should  be  written 

in  full  when  they  are  known. 

132.  STROKE  PI. — The  stroke-A  is  generally  used  when 
it  is  initial,  and  is  followed  by   s;  thus,  ^*      hasen;  also 
when  r  and  a  vowel,  or  r  and  some  other  consonant  folio  »v; 

^    .S  f  ^  ^] 

thus,  ^  hurl,  f_ — -^/"  horizontal  ^  '  hurt;  also, 
in  words  chat  contain  no  other  consonant  than  hi,  and  end 
in  a  vowel;  thus,  (=^-  holt. 

133.  VOCALIZING  THE  LARGE  CIRCLE. — The   large   cir- 
cle ss  is  considered  to  represent  a  syllable  containing  the 
vowels  i  or  e,  thus,  s?'«  or  se:.     It  may   be  vocalized   to 
express  almost  any  vowels  or  diphthongs ;  as,  ^0_  pur- 
swaziv. 

134.  When^>  occurs  between  m  and  /,  and  k  between 
y    and  /,  (the  p  and   k   being   organically   inserted    in 
speech,  in  passing  to  the   next  consonant,)  these  letters 
may    be  omitted ;  thus,   £*s  limp,    ^  limt,  <7~*<  t>tamp, 
ey<  sta,mtt  ^y(  aykfus,  JJJ   distiykfun. 

In  cases  where  t  comes  between  s  and  another  conso- 
nant, the  t  may  generally  be  omitted  without  detriment  to 
legibility;  thus,  ^p£"~  mostli,  ^  resiles,  ^^  2)ost~ 
pon,  "~tr~  mislstk. 


MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY.  101 

(35.  OF  THE.— The  connective  phrase  "of  the," 
which  merely  points  out  that  the  following  noun  is  in  the 
possessive  case,  is  intimated  by  writing  the  words  between 
which  it  occurs  near  to  each  other,  thus  showing  by  their 
proximity  that  the  one  is  of  the  other ;  thus, 

luv  ov  4s  bqt/ful,     ^^~      subjekt  ov  $e  wurk. 


REVIEW. —  (129.)     How  is  the  prefix   accent  written  ?      Surcum  ?   Decom  ? 


-  (131.)  Expla 

consonant.  (132.)  Under  what  circumstances  is  the  stroke  h  generally  used? 
[1T13.)  How  may  the  double  circle  be  vocalized?  (134.)  When  may  p  be  omit- 
tcdj  i,  and  t?  (135.)  What  is  said  of  the  phrase  of  tte? 


102  MANUAL   OF    1'HONOORAPIIT. 


LESSON    XIII. 


UKVOCALIZKD     WRITING PHRASEOGRAPHY,    40. 

136.  As  in  some  of  the  preceding  exercises  the  man- 
ner of  writing  certain    words   has   been  introduced   that 
would  not  admit  of  full  vocalization,  the  learner  may  com- 
mence omitting  some  of  the  least  prominent  vowels  in  his 
common   words.     As    a   general    thing   these    omissions 
should  be  the  unaccented  vowels.     But  in  reporting,  no 
vowels  are  inserted,  except  an  occasional  one  that  is  nec- 
essary to  distinguish  one  word  from  another,  where  both 
have  the  same  consonant  outline.     It  requires  a  good  de- 
gree of  familiarity  with  the  system  to  be  able  to  read  this 
style  of  writing  readily.    After  reports  are  taken,  however, 
it  is  customary  to  go  over  the  manuscript  and  insert  the 
prominent  vowels,  so  that  any  one  may  afterward  read  it 
with  ease. 

137.  Positive  and  negative  words  containing  the  same 
consonants,   should  be   distinguished  thus  : — When   the 
word  commences  with  r,  (except  this  letter  is  followed  by 
m,)  write  the  upward  r;  for  the  positive  word,  and   the 
downward    one     for  the  negative ;    thus,    s\   r«r//onsi- 
bel,     <\   iresponsibel ;  /*>     re:oli[t,       0~    irezolyt.      The 
common    words       (~  mortal,      <^- _   imerUl ,  ^-/  matt-- 
rial, J23-  itnjitfrial,   may    be    distinguished    by   writing 
the  positive  on  the  line,  and  the  negative  above  it.     In  all 
other  case?,  insert  the  initial  vowel  in  the  negative  wordi 
thus;     ^  ilejibel,   &c.     The   vowel  should  be    inserted 
first  that  it  may  not  be  omitted  in  rapid  writing. 


MANUAL   OF   PHOKOGRAPHT.  103 

LIST    OF    WORDS  CONTAINING  THE    SAME    CONSONANTS: 

DISTIMGOISHED   BY    X    DIFFERENCE   OF  OCTL1KB. 


^i     pattern,  patron 
\       patient,  passionate 
°\       purpose,  perhaps 
proceed,  persued 
property,  propriety 

preparation,  appropriation,  proportion 
proportioned,  proportionate 
\  _  =,       i'     protection,  production 
*\    \/J   pertain,  appertain 
cs\      \f~      prosecute,  persecute 
^s^  ->  <\/~      prosecution,  persecution 

>^     \/)      oppressor,  pursuer 
v         N  beautify,  beatify 


<\          birth,  breath 
]A     \     A     Tartar,  traitor,  trader 
\     I/7  train,  turn 


104  MANUAL   OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 


attainable,  tenable 

•  » 

-   |—  -  "        daughter,  debtor,  and  deter 
.~x.-i^--'  L    auditor,  auditory,  editor 
1       \     diseased,  deceased 
f"     p>    desolate,  dissolute 
Y^  A}  desolation,  dissolution 
[_9     y^        idleness,  dullness 

hl^-O     demonstrate,  administrate 
V 

£    ,,     agent,  gentleman 
/     /          gentle,  genteel 

_^a    -  P 

cost,  caused 

.r=zrL—  _____  yj^~  collision,  coalition,  collusion 
v^      ^\/t    corporal,  corporeal 
J  credence,  accordance 

v~  greatly,  gradually 
favored,  favorite 


^N 


V       \c^-     fiscal,  physical 


J 


MANUAL   OF   PHONOGRAPHY.  105 

finn,  frame,  —  form,  farm 

"*^ 

support,  separate 
f      f         steady,  study,  —  stead 
situation,  station 
sure,  assure 

labored,  elaborate 
r$    learned,  v.t  adj. 
A    ~\~^  ~^.    A    writer,  reader,  orator,  rhetor 

/**    /"""*!  ruined,  renewed 

impatient,  impassioned 
innovation,  invasion 

indefinite,  undefined 
unavoidable,  inevitable 


This  list  might  be  greatly  extended,  but  space  wiH 
not  permit  it  here  ;  from  the  examples  given,  the 
student  will  learn  what  forms  to  give  each  word,  where 
different  outlines  are  lequired  for  words  that  might  be 
misread,  if  written  alike.  Quite  an  extensive  list  of  words, 
two  or  more  of  them  having  the  same  outline,  necessarily, 
are  distinguished  by  position  ;  of  which  take  the  following! 
piety,1  pity,2  opposition,1  position,2  possesion;3  prescrip- 
tion,1 proscription;2  diminish,1  admonish,2  &c. 


10  J  MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 

ALL    THE    WORD    SIGNS    ALPHABETICALLY     ARRANGED. 

Those  marked  with  a  *  are  written  above  the  line. 


.    A 

1  dear 

^^  improvement 

x    all* 

,-__  difficulty 

^  in  * 

1    already  * 

|    do 

o    is  * 

.    an,  and 

J     done 

1    *t 

c"   according* 

)    establish 

—  kingdom* 

~^>   account 

^  every 

\^  language 

/  advantage 

o     first 

•>  Lord* 

Rafter 

V^  for 

*\  member 

"~5  again 

"^N   from 

*^  might  * 

f*  alone 

^.'  full 

^^more 

"^\  are 

y  general 

f-    "  Mr.  * 

o   as 

,/  gentleman 

^my* 

\  be 
>5  been 

(/  gentlemen  * 
—  give-n  * 

•-—  -  nature 
^^  no 

rt    beyond* 

-    God* 

^  nor  * 

i    but 
•—call  * 
^  called* 

—   good 
e-   great 
^  have 

"^  not* 
\object 
\j  objection 

—  u  can 

"-^  him 

^   of* 

•""=   cannot  * 

A    how 

1     oh 

cr-  care 

v     I* 

/    on* 

—  come 

^   immediate  * 

c-^  one 

—   could 

'""*•  importance  * 

^—  ?  opinion  * 

MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 

<\   opportunity 

*)  their,  there 

<    were 

/or  * 

(    them 

(/  where 

c\    particular  * 

^  then 

>   what  * 

^Phonography 

^s  thing  * 

c^-when  * 

J)  pleasure 

(    thought  * 

/  which 

c\  principle 

*)    three 

u   while 

—  •  quite  * 

x  to 

s    who 

f~^  remark  * 

—  together 

O 

L  why  * 

%  remember 

r  toid 

f  wUl 

J  shall 

1    toward 

<    with* 

J  short  * 

T   truth 

(    without 

/     should 

v    two 

c^  wont 

)   so 

^  under 

"N  word 

c\    spirit  * 

\  UP 

</  world 

\  subject 

_>  usual 

>    would 

NO  subjection 

)  .was 

W        ye    * 

_2  sure 

">  way 

\>    yet 

P   tell,  till 

<    we  * 

A    you 

(  that  * 

C  well 

f  your 

.   the  * 

c^  went  * 

C  y°urs 

107 


On  the  following-  page  is  a  different  class  of  word-signs; 
but  two  or  three  new  characters  are  used,  the  signification 
being  indicated  by  the  position  in  which  the  sign  is  writ- 
ten to  the  line.  Three  positions  are  recognized:  on  the 
line,  above  the  line,  and  through  or  below  the  line.  In 
the  table  the  line  of  writing  is  suggested  by  a  dotted 
line,  which  will  guide  the  learner  as  to  where  the  word 
should  be  written. 


100                              MANUAL   OF    PtUN  )GnAP;iT. 

~f^-   Allow 

<;"Y-  lio.vevcr 

perfect 

-  —  s  another 

Sr.  if 

-^•«^-  practice-able 

x—"  any 

1 

~>     read 

b     itselt 

"T""  at 

~~>    kind 

")      see 

i 

„ 

----- 

-^V-  away 

./-,  large 

._/.._   than 

\    by 

•jsi  may 

/  .  thank 

I      diffcrent-ce 

^    me 

(      thee 

J      Doctor 

^"^    mind 

(^      these 

•      ,                       *-/-  much 
—  J—  down 

..A...  those 

--"]—  during 
/    each 

neither 
•^N;--  number 

.-/—   though 
••y—   through 

*)     either 

-^~  other 

1      ought 

|       time 

^    ever 

. 

->-   us 

--V--  our 

-V-.-    few 

...r^,-.  ours 

...\..  use  (verb 

...|-  had 

^^-  ourselves 

-^--   value 

.X-.  happy 

__}._  out 

•A^-  view 

^N    here-ar 

v^>-  own 

(T    will  (noun) 

MAKUA.L     OF     PHONOGRAPHY". 
CONTRACTED  WORDS. 


109 


In  addition  to  the  word  signs  that  have  been  given, 
represented  by  the  alphabetic  signs,  simple  and  compound, 
a  list  of  contracted  words  is  given  below.  These  are 
abbreviated  by  giving  the  more  prominent  consonants 
that  would  be  employed  in  writing  the  word  in  full- 
Words  having  a*  affixed,  are  written  above  the  line. 


/  acknowledge, 

>-\    indispensable, 

~~Z  acknowledged, 

^^^  individual,* 

because,* 

v      influence,* 

L  doctrine, 

^^  -^    influential,* 

J 
^  especial-ly, 

I    instruction. 
1  interest, 

~~\  expensive, 

^\      irregular, 

\/  extraordinary, 

^~^  knowledge, 

~~^    extravagant, 

-~*S?  —  s  manuscript, 

Vj/   forward, 

^~^  myself,* 

^L  highly,* 

....y.  natural 

^~*>   himself, 

^    V^  never, 

~.....^:  imperfect, 

Hs^  nevertheless, 

.^  imperfection, 

—  4  new, 

•^~t>  importance,* 

v^mxt, 

<r^^.  impracticable, 

M^  notwithstanding, 

^^P  inconsisteiit, 

v^NVOW, 

no 


MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 


\ peculiarity, 

^.  A  Phonetic  Society, 
Phonographer, 
Phonographic, 

\  Probab-nify 

\,  ,.  sh-ed 
publication 

/"""  regular, 

/\  represent, 
/\  I  represented, 

/\>  representation, 
/\     republic, 

X.    respect, 
X^  responsible, 
._{L  satisfaction, 


^  several, 
g-s^  something, 

(*vA^x     Spelling  Reforcv 
°^  surprise, 
J:-^  transcript, 
1    „  transgress, 
^f    understand, 
^    understood, 
universal, 
whenever, 
whensoever, 
wherever, 
wheresoever, 


In  the  complete  reporting  style,  the  list  of  contracted 
words  is  considerably  extended;  but,  like  the  above,  they 
are  all  very  suggestive  to  the  reflective  student,  and  when 
met  with  in  correspondence  or  elsewhere,  there  will  sel- 
dom be  any  difficulty  in  determining  what  they  are.  The 
Reporter's  Manual,  or  other  text  book  of  the  kind,  adver- 
tised on  the  cover,  contains  complete  lists  of  word  signs, 
contracted  words,  phraseography,  &c.,  the  study  of  which 
will  be  essential  to  verbatim  reporting,  but  unnecessary 
for  ordinary  purposes  of  writing. 


MANUAL  OF  PHONOGRAPHY.  HI 

PHRASEOGRAPHY. 

Pliraseography  consists  in  writing  two  or  mor:  word 
signs  together,  without  lifting  the  pen  ;  and  in  the  report- 
ing style,  it  is  extended  to  the  writing  of  word-signs  with 
words  written  in  full,  but  not  vocalized.  The  lirst  sign 
in  a  phrase  should  be  written  in  its  natural  position,  while 
those  that  follow  take  any  position  that  most  faciliates  the 
"writing. 


/       all  which 

\       be  able  to 

'^-^*'  any  thing 

-»       could  be 

~v>      are  not 

-^-^  could  not  be 

Sas  far 

J      do  not 

..;    ji«       -'"*  " 

v^     as  far  as 

V^p    for   instance 

o-o      as  good  as 

<£'>  he  has  been 

<r-°     as  great  as 

I        if  there  is 

cX.     as  it  has  been 

C^    have  been 

QJJ     as  soon  as 

^"~^  I  am 

Qn       as  soon  as  possible 
<? 

"  —  ^   I  am  not 

^°      as  well  as 

\     I  do 

L^  at  the  same  time 

J     I  do  not 

12                              MANUAL    OF    PUONOO'RAl'HT. 

P      I  do  not  think 
3      I  had  not 

^     I  will  not 
<^~(T   may  as  well 

Sfc.  I  have 
'V^   I  have  been 
^Vh-  I  have  done 
'Vs    I  have  not 

•^~X     m;iy  be 

^>w    must  be 
^~\    must  have 
-^~b—  -'  must  not 

V.   if  it 
^    if  it  had  not 

^_^     no  doubt 
^       of  course 

Sr    if  it  were 
y^  in  such 

"^"^  on  account  of 
L       ouo'ht  to  be 

^^ 

Q-/   is  not 

{,      ^   *S 

j.^  it  is  not 

.       should  be 
/t       should  have 
r-'    should  not 

|j     it  would 
L    it  would  be 
-S~  I  will 

o(     so  as  to 
d—z  such  as  can 

(j      that  is 

MANUAL    OF   PI1OXJGRAP1IY. 

there    are  !    £        we  were 

i 

^- — ^  when  there  is 


113 


^\ 

1    tliere  are  not 

7_.  there  would   not 


whether  or  not 


there  would  not  have     6       which  would 
been 


I      think  that 

£^    which   would  not  be 

x}     this  is 

^       which  it  would 

be 

V     to  be 
"\      to  do 

k  which  it   would 
been 

/°      will  not 

have 

\       to  have 

'  \     will  rot  be 

/v*      you  should  be 
r/^   you  will  £ 

f        without   doubt 
/      with   which 

s\ 

ff  \you  will  be  able  to 

*/°      you  will  not 

/      with  which  it 
f     with  which  it  is 

njt 

"  X.     we  have 

^     who  are 

X>     we  have  not 

V^  we  have  not  had 
10 

D       would   be 

^^   would  not  be 
N 

J14  MANUAL   OF    PHONOGRAPH*. 

A  word  of  caution  is  necessary  against  a  too  extensive 
use  of  phraseography;  it  should  never  be  allowed  to  de- 
stroy the  lineality  of  the  writing,  nor  make  difficult  join- 
ings. In  either  case,  time  will  be  saved  by  removing  the 
pen  from  the  paper,  and  commencing  afresh. 

In  phraseography,  the,  or  some  other  unimportant  word, 

is  occasionally  omitted;  as,  "-^  in  the  world;  ^~a for 

the  sake  of.  The  connective  word  ami  is  sometimes  writ- 
ten in  connection  with  the  following  word,  where  it  may 
be  represented  by  a  short  horizontal  stroke;  ^  and  (he, 

5-  and  which. 

WRITING  EXERCISE  XXXVI. 

NOTE. — In  the  following  exercise,  instead  of  repeating  the  initial  words  of 
phrases  every  time  they  are  to  be  written,  they  are  indicated  by  dashes;  and 
the  words  forming  a  phrase  are  connected  by  hyphens. 

01.     01-hiz,  (0l'z)  —  iz  lost,  —  hwic,, —  dis, —  dat-iz-sed, 

—  men,  — dar,  —  suq-tigz,  —  important. 

Ov.  Ov-it,  —  hwiq,  —  suq, az-qr,  —  me,  (mi,)  —  rajn, 

(men,)  —  dar,  —  impertans,  —  hiz,  —  advantej,  —  dis  k^nd,  — 
dat,  —  dem,  —  kors. 

On.     On-el, sue,,  —  aksnt-ov,  —  mj,  —  us,  —  hur, 

—  dar,  —  hiz, sid. 

Tu.  Tu-it,  —  dui,  —  be,  —  hav, bin, dun,  — 

sum-ekstent,  —  luv,  —  him,  —  dat,  —  meni. 

Hui.  Hui-iz-dis,  —  wud, not,  —  ma, not, 

(man-t,)—  kan,  —  no,  —  qr, not,  (qrn't.) 

Xud.     Xud-bc,  —  not-be,  —  hav,  —  dui,  —  not-hav-sed, — 

—  tink-dat. 

4.     >E-am,  —  ma,  —  am-not,  or  ma-not,  —  dui,  (had,) 

not,  (don't  hadn't,)  —  hav, not,  (wid  huk,) bin 

—  kan-not,  —  wil,  —  tigk,  —  Jal,  —  nevur,  —  ned, 

not-sa,  —  hop,  —  fer,  —  beg,  —  am-veri-sori-inded,  —  hop- 
yxu-wil-not-hav-rezun-tu-regret,  —  hav-uo-dst. 

H».     Hs-kud,  —  kan,  —  iz-dis,  -  -  iae< :,  —  ma,    —  so- 
evur. 

Yui.     Yui-Jiad, not,  —  kud,  -    kar.,  —  ma,  —  wil, 

—  qr,  (r  up  stroke) not,  (qrn't,)  —  must, be-surten. 


MANUAL   OF    PHONOGRAPHY.  11  j 


We.     We-wer,  —  diu,  —  did,  —  hav,  --  sen, 
fal,  —  qr,  (r  up  strok,)  --  not,  —  f  jnd. 

Wid.  Wid-it,  —  hwiq,  —  dis,  —  dat,  —  dem,  —  hwiq-yui- 
qr-akwantcd,  —  suq-az-qr. 

Wer.  Wer-da,  —  we,  —  dat.  II\var-iz,  (hwarz)  (r  up 
strok.) 

H\vot.  Hwot-iz,  —  wer,  —  wud,  —  dui,  —  if,  —  qr,  — 
kud-be,  --  posibli. 

Wud.  Wud-yui,  —  be,  —  dui,  —  hav,  —  not,  —  not-hav- 
sed. 

B.  Be-sed,  —  abel-tu.  B^-dis,  —  me,  —  meni,  —  sum- 
menz,  —  evuri-menz,  —  sum-pursunz,  —  dar. 

T.  It-iz,  --  not.  --  sed,  --  sran,  (de  last  tui  wid 
a  dubel  surkel,)  --  raj,  —  ma,  —  kan,  —  kud,  —  wud. 
Ot-tu-be,  At-suq,  —  prezent,  —  de-sam-tjm. 

D.     Dui-da,  —  not,  (don't,)  --  d»t. 

(5.     Hwiq-  wud,  —  bad,  —  kud,  —  kan,  —  haz,  --  bin, 

—  iz-not,  —  qr,  --  not,  —  ma,  —  mjt,  —  wil,  (ql.)     Hvviq- 
it-iz,  --  ma,  --  wud,  ---  kud-not-bav. 

F.  If-dat,  —  yui,  —  dar,  (dubel-f  abuv  de  Ijn.)  Fer-suq, 
---  az-qr,  —  hwiq,  —  sum-tjm,  —  fer-dar,  (dubel-f  on  de 
Ijn.)  K-it-wer  --  be  --  iz,  --  had. 

V.  Hav-ytu,  —  bin,  —  had,  —  sed.  Veri-giad,  —  gi'at,  — 
sam,  —  surten,  —  wel,  —  sum,  —  muq.  Evuri-pqrt,  —  wun, 

—  pursun,  —  man. 

B.     Eigk-dat,  —  yra-qr,  --  wil,  --  ma. 
(L.     Widst-d-st,  —  hwiq,  —  suq.     flat-it,  --  iz,  -- 
haz-bin,  --  woz,  —  qr,  --  not,  —  iz-not.  --  tu-be, 

—  haz,  —  hwiq.     <Ia-wer,  —  dui,  —  had,  —  hav,  —  ma.  — 
clis-tim,  —  da,  -^-  advantej.     3ar-wud,  —  kan,  —  kud,  — 

—  not-hav-bin,  —  iz,  (haz,)  —  Jal,  —  wil,  —  qr,  --  sum- 
pursunz,  —  ma. 

S.     So-az,   —  —  tu,  —  it-semz,  —  veri,  —  litel,  —  niuq, 

—  meni.     Suq-  wud,  —  iz,  —  az,  —  —  qr,  --  ma,  -- 
kan,  --  kud,  --  hav,  --  woz,  --  wil. 

Z.  Iz-it,  --  not;  az-it,  --  wud,  --  woz,  --  ma, 
--  haz.  Az-gud,  --  az,  —  grat,  --  az,  —  fqr,  -- 
az,  —  wel,  —  meni,  —  stun-az.  Iz-not;  haz-not. 

S.     Xal-be,  —  hav,  —  dui,  —  find,  —  not,  Jort-hand. 

L.     Wil,  —  not,  —  be,  —  hav,  —  fjnd. 

R.  Hr-yui,  —  sumtjmz,  —  sori,  —  not;  yui  qr  veri,  -- 
tnuli. 

M.  Ma-be,  —  hav,  —  da,  —  az-wel,  —  konsidur.  Mjt- 
hav,  —  dis,  —  sem.  Must-be,  —  tr^,  —  dui,  —  kum,  —  go, 


116  MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 

—  se,  —  not.     Most-hapi,  (mos'-hapi,)  —  Ijkli,  —   impor- 
tant.    Meni-tjmz,  —  tigz,  —  mor,  —  ov-dem. 

N.     In-el,  —  konsekwens,  —  fakt,  —  dis,  —  suq,  —  raeni- 
tigz,  —  hiz.     Eni-wun,  —  6ig,  —  bodi.     No-pq,rt,  —  Avt,  — 

rezun,  —  mor, tjm,  —  wun,  —  tig,  (in  ful.)     N«-sur. 

Not,  —  be,  —  kwjt,  — dat,  —  in,  —  onli,  —  ny, —  non;  ned- 
not.     Ner-wer,  —  iz-dis,  —  qr. 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XXXVII. 
(In  phrasoography,  and  containing  all  the  Word-Signs.) 

ON  IMPRUJVMENT. 

Establijments  fer  impruivment,  pqrtikyxulurli  ov  dc  mjnd, 
q,r  veri  important  tigz  in  a  kigdum;  and  de  mor  so  hwar  it-iz 
yuijuial  wid-dem  tu  establij  and  prakti&  giad  prinsipelz.  £[ 
fonografik  establijment  in  pq,rtikyuilur,  iz  not-ouli  an  imediet 
advantej  tu  evuri  jentelman  Viui  iz  a  membur  ov-itr  but  tu  ol. 
Akerdig  tu  jenural  opinyun,  Fonografi  iz  a  subjckt  we  Jud  el- 
hav  plegur  in,  and  tigk  upon;  widst  it,laggwe5  iz  not  h\vot-it- 
Jud-be — a  remqjk  iu-hwi^-dar-iz  grattruit,  and  tu-hwie  dar- 
kan-be  no  objekjun.  'iHs,  er-on  hwot  priusipel,  kan  we  be 
gud  or  grat  widst-impruivment.  Remcmbnr,  dat  evnri  tig  iz 
an  objekt  ov-impertans  dat  kurnz  undur  it;  and,  beyond  el,  dat 
de  Juir  wiird  ov  de  Lord  God  \voz  given  for  impruivment. 

Aftur  hwot-j-uav-told-yui,  <:q.r-dar  yet  objekjunz  tu-it. 
Wer  dar,  an  aksnt  ov-dcrn  wud  elredi  hav-bin  given.  Grat 
and  gud  tigz  kan  not  kum  tugedur  widst-iuiprmvment.  Xud 
j-be-told-dat  it-ma-hav-bin  so,  j-Jal  remqrk-dat,  from  hwot 
j  no  ov-de  jenural  spirit  ov  el,  de  trvut  iz  az  j-hav  given  it,  ner 
kan  yui  objekt  tu-it.  In  Jert,  jentelmen,  establij  it  az  yiur 
furst  prinsipel,  dat-yui-wil-not  giv  up;  but,  az  yui  hav  opur- 
tn,niti,  dui  el  dat-kan-be-dun  tordz  impruivment  in  evuri  tig; 
so  wil  yui  giv  plegur,  not  tu-me-alon,  but  tu  el. 


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DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE. 


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124  DECLARATION   OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


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of 


In  regard  to  the  Manual  of  Phonography. 

The  publishers  of  the  MANUAL  prefer  giving  the  opinions  of 
,'eachers  who  have  used  the  book,  and  can  speak  from  experi- 
ence of  its  merits,  to  copying  the  editorial  (and  paid  for)  no- 
tices of  reviewers  who  have  most  likely  never  read  a  dozen 
pages  of  the  work,  and  know  as  little  of  Phonography  itself. 
The  expressions  of  approval  below  were  entirely  unsolicited, 
and  of  course  were  not  designed  for  publication. 

The  first  is  from  an  experienced  and  competent  Phonographic 
Teacher  in  Delaware  (0.)  College,  H.  PERSING. 

I  have  seen  Pitman's,  Andrews  and  Boyle's,  Webster's  and 
Booth's  text  books  on  Phonography,  and  to  all  of  these  yours  is  far 
superior  ;  the  explanations  being  more  lucid  and  the  examples 
more  copious  than  in  any  of  the  others  ;  and  indeed  it  is  better 
calculated  to  give  the  private  learner  full  instruction  in  the  art 
than  anything  that  has  ever  been  presented  to  the  public. 

An  excellent  Phonographer,  GKO.  H.  FLEMING,  now  in  Buffalo, 
1*  Y.,  writes  thus  : 

By  the  way,  I  like  your  Manual  very  much  ;  I  consider  it  as 
Far  ahead  of  Webster's,  for  real,  practical  instruction,  as  his 
work  is  in  advance  of  Andrews  &  Boyle's  Class  book.  The 
rules  forthe  upward  R,  L,  and  E,  I  consider  invaluable  ;  at  least  I 
know  this,  that  if  I  had  had  them  when  I  commenced  the  study 
of  Phonography,  it  would  have  saved  me  easily  one  month's 
application,  if  not  considerable  more.  The  carrying  out  the 
phraseography  to  the  extent  you  have,  I  think  a  very  important 
and  acceptable  feature.  The  very  limited  extent  to  which  this, 
and  even  the  list  of  grammalogues  are  carried  in  the  Class-book, 
was  the  cause  of  much  dissatisfaction  on  my  part  toward  that 
work,  and  when  I  obtained  Webster's  Teacher,  his  introducing  a 
few  new  phrases  and  grammalogues  was  the  cause  of  my  pre- 
ferring the  Teacher  to  the  Class-book  ;  but  on  receiving  the 
Manual,  Teacher  and  Class-book  were  left,  as  our  hoosier  frienda 
would  say,  "  no  whar." 

"  Please  to  send  immediately,  two  copies  more  of  your  Manual. 
I  have  just  received  those  you  sent  me  and  of  all  the  Phonogra- 
phic instruction  books  that  I  have  used,  I  think  it  is  by  far  the 
best." — H.  D.  SMALLKY,  New  Baltimore,  Ohio. 

"  I  like  your  Manual  better  than  anything  I  have  yet  seen." 
REV.  J.  W.  TOWNER,  Leroy,  Ohio. 

"  The  Manual  has  been  received  and  is  the  best  book  of  th<> 
kind  I  have  seen.  It  is  just  the  thing  needed."— G.  K.  HICKOC* 
Congress,  Ohio. 


A.    WORD    OF     ADVICE. 

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